IN DEFENSIVE COLORATION 335 



mulciber group form an exception which supports the same 

 conclusion ; for their females, although acting as models 

 for the Elymniinae (see p. 372), are undoubtedly them- 

 selves mimetic of the principal Danaine combination in 

 their localities. 



The same argument holds, and is even more convincing, 

 in the synaposematic approach between species of the 

 same genus, where there is even less ground for considering 

 that the relation of model and mimic is determined by 

 degrees of unpalatability. Mr. S. A. Neave has shown, 

 in an interesting paper, 1 that two of the dominant Danaini 

 on the east and south of Africa, Amauris echeria and 

 A . albimaculata, — themselves so alike that they have been 

 only recently separated on solid grounds, — come on the 

 borders of their range under the influence of western 

 species of the same genus with a different pattern. He 

 shows conclusively, by measuring the diameters of a 

 certain spot of the fore wing, that the eastern forms exhibit 

 a more and more considerable synaposematic approach as 

 they invade the districts where the western forms are 

 more and more dominant (see also p. 337). Here, too, 

 there is no reason whatever for regarding the effect as 

 due to degrees of unpalatability. 



We may summarize the above facts, and many more 

 which are excluded by the exigencies of space, in die con- 

 clusion that in any given area the more evidence we possess 

 that certain widely different groups of butterflies are all 

 specially protected in a high degree, the more certainly will 

 it be found that (1) within each group there will be Mimicry 

 between the species of the same genus, and also between 

 the species of genera both allied and widely separated, 

 and that (2) there will be Mimicry between the species 

 of the different groups. Furthermore, the most perfect 



of the model is increased by the co-existence of other Heliconinae with 

 somewhat similar patterns. Whether this interpretation be correct or 

 not, the facts are opposed to the application of the Batesian Hypothesis. 

 Mr.' Marshall has also pointed out to me that Fritz Miiller in 1878 

 demonstrated the existence of stink-glands in the genus Colatnis (Zeif. 

 Wiss. Zool, xxx, p. 168). 

 1 Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1906, p. 208. 



