348 THE PLACE OF MIMICRY 



ii. Miillerian Resemblance Associated with Warning 

 Colours; Batesian Mimicry Associated with Cryptic 

 Colours. — Protective Mimicry is, as Wallace has stated, 

 merely ' an exceptional form of protective resemblance ' 

 (see p. 226). On the other hand, Miillerian Resemblance 

 only differs from ordinary Warning Colours in that it is 

 common to two or more species. When, therefore, we 

 desire to obtain a general indication of the probable 

 interpretation of a certain resemblance it is reasonable 

 to consider as a whole the group to which the species 

 exhibiting it belongs. Tested in this way, the vast 

 majority of the superficial resemblances of the Lepi- 

 doptera and Coleoptera — for the two Orders supply 

 wonderfully concordant evidence 1 — are Miillerian and not 

 Batesian. They are chiefly manifested in groups with 

 distinct Warning Colours, and, furthermore, the principal 

 Aposematic sections always seem to include examples of 

 these resemblances. In the Cryptic groups, on the other 

 hand, they either do not occur or else they form well- 

 defined subordinate groups, of which all the members 

 are Mimetic, or Mimetic, and Aposematic. The further 

 the study of Mimetic Resemblance is carried the more 

 clear it becomes that the affinity is with Warning and not 

 with Cryptic Colours. We meet with striking exceptions, 

 however, in the species with a Mimetic pattern on the 

 upper and a Procryptic pattern on the under surface (see 

 pp. 350-4), as well as in the seasonal transitions of certain 

 species (see pp. 320, 339-41). 



Equally significant is the ever-increasing evidence that 

 groups which contain imitators also include other species 

 which are imitated. The same species may even act in 

 both capacities, as has been described on pp. 215-18. 

 A very striking example was discovered by Mr. R. 

 Shelford in Borneo. Longicorn beetles belonging to 

 the Clytinae tend, nearly all over the world, to resemble 

 wasps or other specially defended Hymenoptera. This 

 is the case with our own Wasp-beetle (Clylus arietis) 

 as described on pp. 251-2. Well, Mr. Shelford has 



1 Trans. Ent, Soc, Lond., 1902, pp. 392-7. 



