IN DEFENSIVE COLORATION 373 



e. Female Mimicking' two or more Different Species: 

 Male perhaps Non-Mimetic, or Mimicking still another 

 Species. — The mimetic females also often resemble two 

 or more different species of nauseous butterflies. Thus the 

 female of Papilio polytes (pammon) appears in two forms, 

 mimicking respectively Papilio hector and P. aristolochiae ; 

 while the females of Euripus halitherses (the male of 

 which is probably also mimetic) mimic Danisepa diocle- 

 tianus (rhadamanthus) and Penoa deione. 



[The conspicuous under side of the non-mimetic male 

 of Papilio polytes (pammon) suggests special protection, 

 and renders it probable that the resemblance of the 

 female is Miillerian. The genus Euripus is also probably 

 distasteful, like many other mimetic Nymphaline genera. 1 

 For dimorphism in mimicry, see pp. 354-6.] 



f. Non-Mimetic Ancestor preserved on Islands, &c. : on 

 Adjacent Continent Mimicry developed in one or both 

 Sexes : Remarkable case of Papilio dardanus (merope). — 

 There are also striking examples in which the non- 

 mimetic ancestor of a mimetic species has been preserved, 

 e. g. in an adjacent island. Thus the female of Elymnias 

 undularis mimics Salatura plexippus [genulid) in Sikkim 

 and North-East India ; in Burma there is a common 

 form of the latter with white hind wings (vS". hegesippus), 

 and the Burmese female of E. undularis is apparently 

 beginning to mimic this variety; in South India E. 

 undularis is represented by E. caudata, in which the 

 male is also beginning to mimic Salatura plexippus, and 

 the female is a more perfect mimic than in the other 

 localities; in the Andaman Islands Elymnias cottonis 

 represents E. undularis, and both sexes appear to be 

 non-mimetic. 2 



A still more wonderful example is found in Africa 

 and adjacent islands. Papilio meriones of Madagascar 

 is non-mimetic and the sexes are nearly alike; the 

 same is true of a closely-allied species, P. humbloti, 

 in Grand Comoro, and of an Abyssinian sub-species 



I Trans. Ent. Soc, Lond., 1902, pp. 500-2. 



II It is not unlikely that E. cottonis bears a general resemblance to 

 a Euploeine. 



