CAMPANULA 



CANADA 



233 



Hort. Plants sold under this name are likely to be 0. glom- 

 erata, var. speelosa.— 0. ^riKiM, Linn. Annual; plant hispid : 

 height 3-9 in. : Ivs. small, glossy, Ji-% in. broad, cordate, deeply 

 cut, the pointed lobes conspicuous : fls. sessile, pale blue with 

 a light center, tubular (or star-shaped?), %in. broad, with 

 acute narrow lobes ; style long, conspicuous, colored like co- 

 rolla : racemes long, semi-prostrate, lQ-20-lid. Mediterranean. 

 Rare short-lived rock plant. Also for edgings and pots.— (7. 

 granditldra, Jacq.=Platycodon grandiflorus.— C LamArcHi, 

 D. Dietr.=Adenophora LamarcMi.— O. nitida, Ait.=C. plani- 

 flora.— O. plamrtdra. Lam. (C. nitida. Ait.). Glabrous: height 

 3-9 in.: stem simple: Ivs. sessile, leathery, shining : root-lvs. 

 crowded in a dense rosette, ovate or obovate-obtuse, crenulate, 

 l^in. long ; stem Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, nearly entire : 

 fls. blue or white, with double varieties, in spicate racemes ; 

 calyx lobes ovate, acute, broad, erect, a third shorter than the 

 broadly bell-shaped or saucer-shaped coroUa. Not American, 

 though commonly so stated. Habitat unknown. J.H. III. 

 33: 283. Rock plant, for sunny position.— O.speeidsa, Pourr.,is 

 a rare species. Most of the plants passing under this name are 

 likely to be C. glomerata. B.M. 2649 is C. glomerata, var. spe- 

 ciosa.— C Speculum, Linn.=Specularia Speculum. — C. urtici- 

 fhlia. This name is now abandoned. Plants are likely to be C. 

 Trachelium.— (7. Van HoUttei, Carr. Height 2 ft.: root-lvs. 

 long-petioled, roundish cordate, more or less lobed j stem-lvs. 

 sessile, oval-lanceolate, irregularly bi-dentate, 2^-4 in. long, 

 more or less villous, strongly nerved : fls. usually solitary, 

 nodding at the end of a small branchlet, 2 in. long, half as 

 broad, indigo blue, or violet ; calyx lobes linear, spreading, 1 

 in. long. A garden hybrid resembling C. punctata. Int. into 

 Prance 1878by Thibaut andKeteleer. E.H. 1878, p. 420(descr.). 

 Var. pallida has pale lavender fls. -^ ]yj 



CAMPHdBA (from camphor, made from its juice). 

 LawrAeem. The Camphor Tree (Camphdra officindlis, 

 Steud. ) Is native to China and Japan, but it is now in- 

 troduced into S. Fla. Botanically, it is very closely al- 

 lied to the cinnamons, and is often referred to that 

 genus (as Cinnamomuvi GampJiora), but it differs in 

 its scaly buds, membranaceous calyx, and leaf characters. 

 Cainphora officinalis attains a height of 40 ft., and en- 

 dures light frosts. It has alternate, ovate-elliptic, en- 

 tire, thick Ivs., and axillary panicles of small, yellow 

 fls. The whole plant contains camphor. The gum is 

 obtained from the extracted juice. 



CAMPION. See Silene. 



CAMPSIDIUM. See Tecoma. 



CAMPTOSOBUS (Greek, bent sori, alluding to the 

 irregular arrangement). Polypodidicem. A small genus 

 of hardy ferns, with simple, pointed Ivs., which take 

 root at the apex, and are hence known as " Walking-leaf 

 Ferns." A single species is na- 

 tive mostly on lime-bearing 

 rocks, and an allied species is 

 known from Japan and N. Asia. 



rhizophyllus, Link. Pig. 341. 

 Lvs. simple, tapering from a 

 heart-shaped base, 4-12 in. long; 

 veins forming meshes near the 

 midrib ; sori irreg- 

 ularly scattered. 

 Canada to Alabama. 

 — Sometimes grown 

 in rookeries and 

 wild gardens. 

 L. M. Underwood. 



CAMPYLOBO- 

 TBYS. See Hoff- 



CANADA. Figs. 

 342-4. The most 

 important fruit re- 

 gions of Canada are 

 those surrounded 

 wholly or in part by 

 bodies of salt or 

 fresh water. In the 

 extreme east the 

 Atlantic ocean with 

 its indentations, is 

 the influencing climatic factor. In central Canada the 

 great lakes, Ontario and Erie, serve the same useful 

 office, while in the extreme west the Pacific ocean, with 



341. CamptosorUa rhizophyllus. 



its gulf stream, tempers the climate of British Colum- 

 bia, and gives sufficient atmospheric moisture, so that 

 all but tropical and citrus fruits may be grown in the 

 most favored localities. It is interesting to note that 

 while on the eastern Atlantic coast apples are success- 

 fully grown as far north as the 47th parallel north lati- 

 tude, and in British Columbia as far north as the .'52d 

 degree north latitude, yet in the interior of Ontario and 

 Quebec they have not succeeded north of the 46th par- 

 allel. 



The fruits of Canada of to-day are attributable to .5 

 main sources : 1. Seeds, brought by the first Frencli 

 missionaries and English colonists. 2. Seeds and plants 

 obtained from Virginia and New England. 3. Plants and 

 seedsbrought in by United Empire Royalists. 4. Chance 

 seedling production. 5. Recent importation from Europe, 

 and systematic plant-breeding. 



In order to obtain an idea of the character of fruits 

 cultivated in the Dominion, it will be necessary to con- 

 sider the provinces separately : 



Prince Edward Island.— Latitude, 46 degrees to 47 

 degrees north, area about one and a quarter million acres. 

 The surface is undulating, the whole island eminently 

 agricultural and pastoral. Soil, a reddish lonm, some- 

 times sandy and occasionally clayish. The climate is 

 suflioiently mild to admit of the cultivation of pears and 

 of plums of the Primus domeatica type. The winters are 

 long and tedious, with heavy snowfalls, and frequent 

 fogs and sleety rains. The first fruits introduced were 

 apples, by French colonists. Later, the English and 

 Scotch settlers brought other apples and pears, in addi- 

 tion to Kentish cherries. It is probable, also, that some 

 of these early fruits were introduced by the Acadian 

 French. We still find on the island a few of the old 

 French orchards of apples and cherries. Cherries have 

 been cultivated— in fact, they have taken care of them- 

 selves—with success since the time of their first intro- 

 duction. They belong to the Kentish type, and ripen in 

 that locality a month later than do the same varieties 

 grown in eastern Ontario. Black-knot has lately ap- 

 peared, but is being attended to. Apple-growing is on 

 the increase. The better practices in fruit-growing are 

 being introduced; a few large orchards are already 

 established and are bearing satisfactorily. The climate 

 has an important effect upon the keeping properties of 

 apples and pears. Such late-maturing varieties as Ben 

 Davis, Stark, and Missouri Pippin do not, as a rule, at- 

 tain full size and perfection. The autumn and early 

 winter apples of the west are the most suitable varie- 

 ties. Of these are Ribston, Blenheim Pippin, Hubbard- 

 ston and Grimes Golden. The same is true of pears. 

 The early and midseason varieties do best. Clapp, 

 Bartlett, iHowell, and Anjou are doing well. Among 

 plums, Moore's Arctic, Early Damson and Lombard are 

 favorites. Peaches cannot be grown successfully unless 

 artificially protected during winter. 



Small-fruits are grown successfully in all parts of the 

 island. The most important of these is the cranberry. 

 The area devoted to this fruit is extending rapidly. The 

 product is shipped to England. There is undoubtedly a 

 future for fruit-growing on this island, with its natural 

 under-drainage in many parts, its equable climate, and 

 its proximity to the European market. 



Nova Scotia anp Cape Breton. —The Dominion owes 

 very much to this province for the good pioneer work 

 done in advertising the fruit-growing capabilities of 

 Canada in the European markets. The best advertise- 

 ment that could be given by any country was afforded by 

 the magnificent display of fruit made by the Province of 

 Nova Scotia through its Frait Growers' Association at 

 the Indian and Intercolonial exhibition iu London in 1880. 

 As early as the middle of the last century, the Acadian 

 French, who then peopled Kings and Annapolis counties, 

 cultivated apples and pears with great success. When 

 these lands fell into the hands of Connecticut and Eng- 

 lish immigrants in 1760, old pear and apple trees were 

 found in many places; some of the latter exist at the 

 present day. It must not be supposed that the apple 

 growing of Nova Scotia is restricted to the Annapolis 

 valley. This valley is only one of several, and the con- 

 tiguous fertile valleys of the ComwaUis and Gaspereaux 

 rivers are equally well adapted and equally productive. 

 The protection afforded in this, the best fruit section of 



