CHESTNUT 



CHICORY 



297 



tomentose, very early and of good quality. Tree round, 

 close-headed, vigorous, productive. 



Coe. — California. A large, very sweet variety, but re- 

 cently disseminated. Tree upright, somewhat spread- 

 ing. 



Felton.—'Sew Jersey. First fruited in Delaware. Bur 

 small; nut medium, dark brown, slightly tomentose, 

 rather early and of excellent quality. Tree round- 

 headed and fairly productive. 



ffiani.— Japan. A trade name, under which a num- 

 ber of varieties have been imported from Japan. See 

 Parry. 



Hale (syn.. Eighteen Months). — Oalifomia. A newly 

 introduced variety, having a large, dark brown nut of 

 excellent quality. Very precocious. 



.ffcni (syn., Extra Early).— New Jersey. First fruited 

 in Delaware. Bur small; nut medium to large, dark, 

 usually 3 in a bur; very early, of good quali^. Tree 

 round-headed, precocious, productive. 



Kerr.—lSevr Jersey. First fruited in Maryland. Bur 

 small; nut medium to large, dark brown, broad, 3 in 

 a bur, early, and of excellent quality. Tree vigorous, 

 symmetrical, round-headed, very productive. 



Killen.—'N&w Jersey. First fruited in Delaware. Bur 

 very large; nut very large, broad, light brown, slightly 

 ridged, of excellent quality, midseason. Tree upright, 

 open, spreading, moderately vigorous, productive. The 

 largest Chestnut yet brought to notice. 



Mammoth,~A trade name for the imported Japanese 

 nuts and trees, not restricted to any pai*ticular variety. 



Martin (syn.. Col. Martin).— New Jersey. First 

 fruited in Maryland. Bur large; nut large to 

 very large, broad, bright reddish brown, slightly 

 tomentose, 3 to 5 nuts in a bur. Midseason ; of 

 good quality for coosing. Tree vigorous, open, 

 spreading, productive. 



JfcJ^'ariand.— California. Bur very large : nut 

 large, and of fine quality; early. Tree spread- 

 ing, very productive. A new& disseminated 

 variety of great promise. 



Parry.— Japan. Bur very large; nut very 

 large, 1 to 3 in a bur, broad, with apex some- m 



times depressed; dark brown, lidged, of fair 

 quality. Tree moderately vigorous, open, spread- 

 ing, with large leaves. One of the largest and 

 most beautiful of this group. Selected for prop- 

 agation as the best of 1,000 imported grafted 

 Japanese Chestnuts. (Fig. 13, PI. 14.) 



Prolific. — Japan. Bur small ; nut medium, 

 rather long, striped, 3 in a bur ; early. Tree 

 vigorous, compact, with small narrow leaves. 



Reliance. — New Jersey. Bur medium ; nut 

 medium to large, rather long, light brown, 

 ridged; midseason, and of fair quality. Tree 

 dwarfish, spreading, di'ooping, very precocious 

 and productive; inclined to overbear, and needs 

 thinning. Seedling of Parry. 



/Success.- New Jersey. Bur very large; nut 

 very large, usually 3 in a bur ; midseason ; of 

 rather poor quality until cooked. Seedling of 

 Parry. Tree upright, productive. 



Superb (syn., Parry's Superb).— New Jersey. 

 Bur large; nut large, broad, brown, usually 3 in 

 a bur, early, and of fair quality. Tree vigorous 

 and very productive. -^^ _^_ Taylor. 



CHEVALliiEA, CHEVALlfiEIA, 

 CHEVAlLlfiEA, CHEVALLlfiRIA. The 



species in the American trade are ^ch- 

 meas. 



CHICK-PEA. See Oicer. 



CHICKWEED. See CerasHum and 

 Stellaria. 



CHICOBY, or SUCCORY [Oichorium In- 

 tybus, Linn.). Gompdsitce. Pig. 436. A 

 native of Europe, naturalized in America 

 and familiar to many as a weed, is a pot- 

 herb, a salad, and the leading adulterant of 

 coffee. It has come prominently before 

 the public since 1897 as an American farm 

 crop. Prior to that year, its cultivation as 

 an adulterant and substitute for coffee 

 was largely prevented by the prejudice of 

 the principal consumers, our foreign-bom 

 population, who insisted that American 

 was inferior to European root, and also by 

 the low tariff, which allowed the root to 

 enter duty free, or with a very small im- 

 post. During 1898 and 1899 advantage has 

 been taken of a protective duty, and sev- ^ 



eral factories have been erected, for which farm- 

 ers have shown a willingness to grow the roots. 

 It is probable that within the next few years our 

 home market will be fully supplied from Ameri- 

 can fields, in which development reliance is placed 

 in the substitution of horse-power for manual 

 labor, improved plows and cultivating implements 

 for crude ones, machine-digging of the roots for 

 hand-digging, efficient slicing machines, and im- 

 proved evaporating kilns. 



Chicory will probably succeed wherever the 

 sugar beet is grown in this country, the climatic 

 requirements being similar. In general, it may 

 be said to thrive upon all stone-free soils that 

 will produce paying staple crops, except clays, 

 lightest.aands and mucks. The fli'st are too hard, 

 the second too dry, the third too rich in nitrogen 

 and too sour. The surface layer of soil should be 

 deep, the subsoil open and well drained. If the 

 water supply be sufficient, high land is as good 

 as low land of the same texture, though if too 

 dry for profitable grain growing, the former may 

 yet be made to produce paying crops of Chicory; 

 but if too wet for cereals, the latter wiU generally 

 be found unsuitable for this root. The fertilizing 

 of the land should be the same as for other root 

 crops, nitrogen being used sparingly, potash and 

 phosphoric acid rather freely— IJi to 1% 

 times as much of the former and 2K times 

 the latter as has been removed by the pre- 

 ceding crop. It is best to apply these 

 fertilizers to preceding crops that do not 

 make heavy demands upon them. In rota- 

 tion, Chicory is classed with root crops, and 

 should be preceded by a small grain, since 

 this is harvested in time for fall plowing. 

 Clover should not immediately precede, 

 since it leaves t(>o much nitrogen in the 

 soil. The ground being warm, fairly moist, 

 thoroughly prepared by deep plowing, har- 

 rowing and scarifying with a weeder, the 

 seed, which must be fresh and clean, is 

 sown rather thickly but covered thinly, in 

 drills 18 Inches apart. 



There are but few well-defined varieties 

 of this plant used for field culture, and 

 even the garden sorts are not as stable as 

 could be desired. Of the former group, 

 Magdeburg, Brunswick and Schleaische 

 are the principal; of the latter, Witloof 

 (so-called). Red Italian, Broad-leaved, 

 Improved Variegated and Curled-leaved 

 are best known. Witloof and Barbe de 

 Capuciu can be produced from any va- 

 riety, the difference being brought about 

 by the method of growing. 



Chicory has no specific enemies in this 

 country, and is troubled by only a few of 

 the general-feeding insects, such as cut- 

 worms and wire-worms. 



Prom 6 to 10 tons is the general crop per 

 acre, though with good management, 15 

 tons miy be produced. The cost of grow- 

 ing and the returns are about as follows ; 

 Rent, wear of tools, etc., $5 ; preparation 

 of land, $4.50; seed, 75 cents; cultivating 

 and tending, $15 ; harvesting and deliver- 

 ing, $12 ; total, $37.25. Average price per 

 ton, $7. 



Prom a purely horticultural standpoint, 

 Chicory is of interest as a root, a pot-herb, 

 and a salad plant. The young, tender roots 

 are occasionally boiled and served with 

 butter, pepper and salt, like young car- 

 rots, but they have never become widely 

 popular in this form. As a pot-herb, the 

 young leaves are equal to those of dande- 

 lion. They are cut when 6 or 8 inches long, 

 boiled in two waters to remove the bitter 

 flavor, and served like spinach. As a 

 salad. Chicory is famous in three forms: 

 Common Blanched, Barbe de Capucin and 

 Flowers of Chicory (X K). Witloof, Barbe de Capucin is comprised 



