and besides Phegopteris Dryopleris, Phegopieris polgpodioides, Polgpodiiim vidgare, 

 Aspidium Thehjpteris, and especially in loftier mountain tiacls Athyrium alpeslre and 

 Athyrium crenatum are to be found. The clumps of aspens sometimes to be met 

 with here, are also a characteristic association. In similar situations, the trees attain 

 a heifiht of towards 30 m., with slender, nearly branchless trunks, only near the 

 summit furnished with a crown. Among the more typical plants in these localities 

 may be mentioned above all the pretty red Paeonia anomala, and also Veratrum album, 

 Melica nutans, Daphne Mezereum, Athyrium Filix femina, and others. 



Moreover, the moist taiga on the north side of the Sayansk mountains is distinguished 

 by a great variety of plants with an all but subarctic character, and the resemblance to 

 the corresponding Scandinavian one was many a time quite striking. Of trees and shrubs 

 are to be found besides Picea obovata, Abies sibirica, Pinus silvesliis, and Pinus Cembia 

 var. sibirica, constituting the bulk of the wood, sporadical specimens of Larix sibirica, 

 especially on dry declivities with southern aspects, and scattered Juniperus communis. 

 Of foliage trees Betula pubescens var. ovalifolia et var. rhombifolia, Betula humilis, 

 Populus tremula, Populus laurifolia are predominant, more scattered and less abun- 

 dantly Sorbus Aucuparia, Prunus Padus, Alnus fruticosa. Viburnum Opulus, Sambucus 

 lacemosa, Rhamnus Frangula, Ribes nigrum, Ribes pubescens, Lonicera coerulea var. 

 glabrescens, Salix caprea, and Salix viminalis occurred. The ground in the wood here 

 is generally very fertile, with a luxuriant and varying flora. On shady ground in 

 woods and in copsy woods besides the plants already mentioned, I have collected 

 and observed the following, which may give a notion of the vegetation characterizing 

 the floor in the forest: 



Epilobium monlanum, Trifolium Lupinaster, Lathy i us pratensis, Viola Komarovii, 

 Epipactis latifolia, Saxifraga crassifolia, Gnaphalium silvaticum, Cerastium pilosum, 

 Ceraslium vulgatum, Equiselum silvaticum, Pedicularis euphrasioides. Campanula 

 rapunculoides, Pyrola uniflora, Pyrola rotundifolia var. incarnata, Senecio nemorensis 

 var. macer, Lamium album, Anlennaria dioica f. corymbosa, Geranium silvaticum 

 et f. parviflorum. Geranium albiflorum. Geranium pseudosibiricum, Brunella vulgaris, 

 Erigeron acer f. politus, Poteniilla fruticosa, Androsaces filiformis, Pulmonaria 

 mollissima, Asperula odorata, Polemonium coeruleum. Allium Victorialis, Melica nutans, 

 Lathyrus Gmelini, Linnaea borealis, Stellaria Bungeana var. latifolia, Oxalis Acelosella, 

 Tiientalis europaea, Majanthemum bi folium, Circaea alpina, Stachys silvatica, Equisetum 

 hiemale togethei- with Cystopteris fragilis (especially in chinks ot rocks), Pedicularis 

 uncinata, Pedicularis versicolor, Viola uniflora, Vicia cracca, Calamagrostis Langsdor/fii, 

 Myosotis silvatica, Anchusa myosotidiflora var. grandiflora, Paris quadrifolia, Anemone 

 reflexa, Anemone allaica, Aconitum laeve, Actaea spicala var. erythrocarpa, Aspeiula 

 odorata, Aethusa Cynapium, Corydalis bracteala, Poa nemoralis, Hamulus Lupulus, 

 Atragene sibirica, Luzula pilosa, Lysimachia vulgaris, Epilobium angustifolium, Rubus 

 saxatilis, Rubus idaeus. Campanula rotundifolia, Hesperis matronalis var. sibirica, Pyrola 



