as on the Dora Steppe. Made use of during their religious ceremonies, and said to occur 

 on the mountains near by. 



Distribution: Eastern portions of Siberia, and north-western MongoUa. 



Pinus silvestris L. Spec. PI. ed. II (1763) p. 1418; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. IV, p. 199; Turczan. 

 Cat. Baical. no. 1068; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. Ill, p. 674; Turczan. Fl. Baical.-Dahur. (1854, 11) 

 p. 415, no. 1071; KpLiji. $j[. A.it. VII (1914) p. 1727. 



Rather common in the region explored. Preferring dry, rather sandy ground, fre- 

 quently forming woods on the extensive moraines, be it unmingled, or accompanying 

 various foliferous trees, particularly the asp and birch, or — as is the case at Ust Sisti- 

 kem and on the Dora Steppe — accompanying the larch. Not observed by me anywhere 

 ascending very high up the mountains. Reaching up to 1100 m. above sea-level, near 

 Ust Algiac. Rather common in sandy places on the steppes about Minusinsk. 



Distribution: Northern and middle Europe, northern Asia, Siberia, northern Mon- 

 golia, the Amoor Province, Manchooria. 



Pinus Cembra L. Spec. PI. ed. II (1763) p. 1419; Ledeb. Fl. Alt. IV, p. 200; Turczan. 

 Cat. Baical. no. 1070; Karel. et. Kiril. Enum. PI. Fl. Alt. no. 823; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. Ill, p. 

 673; Turczan. Fl. Baical.-Dahur. (1854, II) p. 414, no. 1070. 



subspec. sibirica Rupr. in Fl. Boreali-Uralensis (1856) p. 43; Kptiji. 4>.i. Ajit. 

 VII (1914) p. 1724. Pinus sibirica Mayr, Fremdlandische Wald- und Parkbaume fiir 

 Europa (1906) p. 388. 



Very common in the wood region of the territory traversed, from Kushabar and 

 further southwards, preferring moist, or even nearly swampy places. Rarely to be found 

 in dry situations. Not observed anywhere by me forming woods, but dispersed in woods 

 of Abies sibirica and Picea obovata, or accompanying various foliferous trees, especially 

 Populus laurifolia, Populus tremula, the birch, etc. These trees, with their large bushy 

 crowns rising higher than the wood standing arovmd, give the scenery a wild and ragged 

 appearance. Trees belonging to this species may attain gigantic dimensions. In the moist 

 taiga between Kushabar and Petropawlowsk, I rather frequently met with trees towards 

 2 m. in diameter, and over 30 m. high. (See Fig. 19, 22, and 24). On the mountains, at 

 any rate in moister places, it ascends higher up than any other conifer, reaching in the 

 Altaian up to 1700 or 1800 m. above sea-level. In similar situations the trees are lower, 

 with tortous and twisted trunks, shorter leaves, and smaller, broadly ovate cones, to 7 

 cm. long t;ar. coronans Litw. FopuMii ciioiipcidi"! ite/Jip-B-Bi. Tpy/i;. BoTan. Mys. IIivmepaT. Aita^- 

 HayKt. T. XI (1913) p. 20—26. 



The seeds of this species are roasted by the natives, and extensively used for food. 

 This tree is called «keder» — cedar — by the Russians, a name also used by me in 

 this publication, in spite of its being no genuine cedar. 



Distribution: Northern and eastern Russia, Siberia, northern Mongolia. 



Ill 



