B03E-GALLS. 489 



large as a golden pippin. When the hairy clothing was re- 

 mored, its size notably diminished, and it was then seen to be 

 composed of a large number of woody tubercles, varying much 

 in size and shape. Their average dimensions, however, are 

 about equal to those of an ordinary pea. The tubercles in 

 question are fused together more or less strongly, some falling 

 off at a slight touch, while others cannot be separated without 

 the use of the knife. There are about thirty-five of these 

 wooden knobs. 



On selecting one of the knobs, and examining it, a few very 

 small circular holes are seen, showing that the insects have 

 made their escape from the cells. Indeed, one or two of the 

 insects were found entangled amid the dry and crisp hairs that 

 surrounded the gall, and which formed a second barrier, which 

 they could not penetrate. When, however, a sharp knife is 

 carefully used, the woody tubercle can be laid open in several 

 directions, and then proves to be a congeries of cells fused 

 together into one mass, and varying from four to twenty in 

 number, according to the size of the insect. Perhaps, on an 

 average, ten cells may be reckoned in each knob. 



In many of the cells the perfect insect may be found, the 

 death of the rose-branch, and the consequent deprivation of sap, 

 having so hardened the walls of the cells that the inmates have 

 been unable to make their way out. In other cells may be 

 seen certain odd little objects, amber-coloured, hard, shining, 

 and appearing to the unaided eye to be nearly spherical. They 

 are about as large as dust-shot. For a long time I could not 

 satisfy myself about them, not being able clearly to ascertain 

 whether they were deceased insects or merely hardened sap. 

 That they were probably of insect origin was evident from the 

 fact that they were always found in cells which had no opening, 

 and from which the insect had not escaped. 



At last, however, one of them happened to lie on the paper 

 so that it could be well illuminated, and then the whole mystery 

 was unfolded. These strange little objects were the pupae of 

 the insects, which had died in the cells, and shrivelled up into 

 the singular forms which have been described. 



The cells are of different sizes, some being more than ten 

 times as large as others. The superior dimensions of the cell 

 seem to be obtained at the expense of the walls, so that the 



