380 Appendix 
the mammary glands which, as we know, are only locally 
specialized sebaceous glands of the skin. The young 
animal in taking its first nourishment thus alleviates the 
discomfort of the female and becomes a means toward 
the comfort of its mother.” 22 
That the need for lactation is the origin of maternal 
love is shown by the fact that the mother who is deprived 
of her young tries to replace them by foster-nurslings. 
“The necessity of getting rid of a troublesome secretion 
is powerful enough sometimes to cause the female that 
lost her young to steal the progeny of another, and these 
robberies have been performed even by females that were 
still suckling their own young, the satisfaction of a need 
leading them, as is generally the case, to seek a still 
greater satisfaction which might lead even to excess.” *3 
In the cases observed by Lloyd Morgan, this need of 
the mother takes the form of a mother love solicitous for 
the nourishment of her young, and it is possible that it 
may actually represent in them the beginning of an un- 
selfish attachment. ‘Further, I have seen both bitches 
and cats get up and again lie down so as to bring the 
teats into closer proximity to the mouth of any young 
which failed to find them. It has been noticed by a man 
who is a remarkably good observer and has had much 
to do with animals, and also by myself, that when a lamb 
is weakly and fails to find the teat, the mother not in- 
frequently uses its shoulders, head and neck as a lever 
to place the lamb on its legs; and, having accomplished 
this, straddles over the lamb, and brings the teats against 
22Giard, op. cit., pp. 269-270. 
238Giard, loc cit., p. 270, 
