388 Appendix 
ety of shades of which affective tendencies are capable in 
man. For since it is able to observe from different 
points of view, simultaneously or nearly so, all environ- 
mental relations even when only slightly associated, it 
can evoke diverse affectivities at the same time, and these, 
as Bain would say, by association, combination, con- 
fluence, interference or mutual partial inhibition, finally 
produce an exceedingly complex affectivity which is 
therefore capable of showing the finest imaginable grada- 
tions from one case to another according to the number 
and character of its component parts. 
Thus, for instance, fear, anxiety and kindred feelings 
had already developed in animals from the instinct of 
self-preservation in its purely defensive form; but in man 
this latter gave rise also to all the propitiatory affectivities 
in innumerable varieties and shades, such as prostration, 
humility, hypocrisy, flattery and the like. Even the re- 
ligious sentiment in its lowest forms is a direct conse- 
quence of this propitiatory affectivity, while the loftier 
religious sentiment and the kindred feeling experienced 
in the presence of the sublime are more highly developed 
and more complete forms of the same thing.*8 
Similarly from the instinct of self-preservation in its 
double aspect, offensive and defensive at the same time, 
had already developed in the higher animals the instinct 
to attack and all the different varieties of counter-attack ; 
but in man this instinct has assumed the most varied 
forms and shades from deepest hatred to a scarcely per- 
ceptible antipathy, from rapacity to the merest envy, and 
from the most violent thirst for revenge to the slightest 
resentment. The noble sentiment of justice is a very 
38For instance, see Ribot, Psych. des sent, p. 100, and E. Rignano, 
“IT fenomeno religioso,” Scientia, XIII, 1, 1910. 
