390 Appendix 
vation of those very accumulations of energy of which the 
affective tendencies consist. 
Of course it is not always possible clearly to distin- 
guish affective tendencies from emotions since the former 
are perceptible neither objectively nor subjectively as long 
as they remain in a potential state, but become so at their 
activation which, when sudden and violent, represents 
the corresponding emotion. But the importance and 
necessity of distinguishing accurately between emotions 
and affective tendencies—a distinction however which is 
usually entirely neglected by most psychologists—lies in 
the fact that one and the same affective tendency may ac- 
cording to external circumstances give rise to the most 
diverse emotions, to the most diverse degrees of their 
intensity, or even to no emotion at all properly so called. 
For instance if we see a vehicle approaching at a distance 
we quietly step aside out of the way, but if it appears 
suddenly before us at an abrupt turn in the street we 
feel a strong emotional shock. And the same affective 
tendency of the dog towards a piece of meat can give 
rise to flight, anger, or the careful, coolly calculated search 
for a safe hiding place, according to the circumstances 
under which his dainty meal is endangered. 
In short, every emotion, as Stout rightly emphasizes, 
presupposes an affective tendency, but the reverse does 
not follow; for an affective tendency even when in full 
activation need not always imply any emotion.*4 
Every affective tendency “impels” to action, that is, it 
not only “‘starts” but really “impinges” upon the organs 
of motion either directly as in the lower organisms or 
by the aid of the nervous system as in the higher. 
41See G. F. Stout, 4 Manual of Psychology, 2d. ed., p. 305, 
London, 1907. 
