CONSPICUOUS COLOUR 37 
the upper surface of its wings, or the under 
ones. No general statement, therefore, can be 
made of its coloration, but its upper and 
under surfaces must be separately labelled. 
Further, it is readily conceived that additional 
knowledge of its habits might necessitate 
qualifications of these labellings : for instance, 
the black might prove to be a signal to 
enemies, and the red bar a social signal. 
Here, however, colour must be considered 
only in so far as it is purposely conspicuous, and 
especially with regard to signals to enemies. 
Signals to enemies are of two kinds only: 
(a) in order to repel enemies ; (6) in order to 
attract enemies. 
Examples of repelling conspicuous colouring 
(conspicuous colouring associated with un- 
palatableness) are afforded by animals which 
have warning coloration : it is unnecessary to 
give examples, but it may be mentioned that, 
in the opinion of many, protection is not 
obtained, in the vast majority of these cases, 
by an association in the minds of predatory 
animals, of unpleasantness with a particular 
species ; but with a particular class of animals, 
coloured similarly. 
For instance, a bird will pass by a black 
beetle, not because it has tasted that particular 
