124 CONTROLLED NATURAL SELECTION 
enclose them during copulation (the Cow-dung 
Fly). 
In other cases, although not on top of the 
female, the males are more ready to hand 
because the pair takes up a particular position 
in space ; for instance, the female may hang 
pendent from the male, this will encourage 
an enemy to seize the male: the bird would 
consider the point of suspension to be the 
head-end, and therefore seize this as being 
the most valuable part. 
2. Movement.—When attempts at escape 
are made, it is almost invariably the rule that 
the male flies or runs carrying the female; in 
order to prevent escape, the bird will invari- 
ably strike at the moving parts, the male: 
where there is movement there is vulnerability 
(many lepedoptera). Even when actual escape 
is not attempted, the male will often make 
attracting flutterings of his wings when dis- 
turbed; this is a very common character 
(most noctue). 
3. Colour.—Attracting colour in the male 
is common; when both sexes are conspicuous 
the colour is usually “ warning.” 
4, Mimicry.—It is common to find only 
females mimicking and thereby gaining pro- 
tection. The absence of mimicry on the part 
