HUMAN AND OTHER SOCIETIES 125 
of the males renders them liable to be 
attacked. 
5. Sound.—Males make sounds during copu- 
lation, especially when disturbed or captured. 
6. Scent.—When both males and females 
are scented, the odour which they exhale is 
usually obnoxious and either advertises un- 
palatableness or renders them unpalatable. 
When males alone are scented they are per- 
fumed ; this renders them especially attractive 
rather than repulsive. 
7. Dances are often made by males, who 
thus render themselves open to attack. The 
females do not leave cover except for a 
moment to join the males and be fertilised. 
These are pre-copulatory displays similar to 
those found in birds. Will not the dances of 
the Bower Birds, the running in and out of 
the bower, the display of bright objects on 
the ground around the bower, draw the attack 
of enemies and clear the air for copulation ? 
8. Males seek the females, thereby expos- 
ing themselves to enemies more than females. 
It seems, therefore, that the Theory is able to 
explain the vast number of secondary sexual 
characters of insects. 
Other societies must now be considered, and 
first the Herd. Here, no new kind of indi- 
