126 CONTROLLED NATURAL SELECTION 
vidual is found but a combination of sexually 
mature males and females, and young. This 
society differs from the Family, in that the 
onset of a breeding season does not break up 
the family formed at the previous breeding 
season. 
In this society, males are always much less 
numerous than females, and thus the inferior 
value of the male is demonstrated. 
Herd A, in which there are few males, is 
better off than Herd B, in which males and 
females are equal in number, because Herd 
A will require less of a limited food supply 
and yet have the same reproductive power. 
Now, probably in all vertebrate animals, 
the sexes are more or less equal at birth: 
the question therefore arises—How does the 
species rid itself of these males in excess 
of the number required, which are not only 
useless but positively harmful? In the follow- 
ing ways: 
1. By fighting among the males, the more 
powerful males destroy the less powerful. 
Herd A, whose males possess this instinct, 
will have an advantage over Herd B, whose 
males do not fight. 
2. By the expulsion of males from the herd. 
The more powerful males, instead of destroy- 
