154 MILK HYGIENE 



creased on this account. In Denmark also, similar, 

 though less strict, requirements were made for the pro- 

 duction of milk for infants. During recent years, how- 

 ever, views concerning the effect of the forage on the 

 quality of the milk have changed materially, and it has 

 been observed by many that babies have been fed with- 

 out discoverable detriment on milk from cows fed with 

 green fodder, turnips, oil cakes, etc., and, indeed, in some 

 instances, with brewery grains. There does not appear 

 to be adequate ground for the requirement that cows 

 kept to produce nursery milk should be restricted to this 

 one sided diet. On the other hand, there is need for an 

 active control of the sanitary conditions of the produc- 

 ing herd, for the public must be assured that milk sold 

 at a high price especially for the use of infants maj^ be 

 fed to them without danger of a grave infection of some 

 kind. The nature of the requirements which, in our 

 judgment, should be made concerning the production, 

 handling and sale of " nursery milk " are considered 

 later. 



The mortality among children during the tirst year 

 of life is very significant. In Norway and Sweden, from 

 1891 to 1895, on the average, 10 per cent, died each year ; 

 in Denmark, 14 per cent. ; in Finland and Switzerland, 

 15 per cent. ; in Prussia, 20.5 per cent. ; in Baden, 22 per 

 cent. ; in Wiirtemberg, 25 per cent. ; in Bavaria, 27 per 

 cent. ; and in Saxony, 28 per cent., while the mortality in 

 Austria and Hungaiy is 25 to 28 jjer cent. The mor- 

 tality is greatest in large cites, somewhat less in small 

 cities and least in the country. 



Different cities show different death rates; for ex- 

 ample, from 1886 to 1895, on an average, each year 13 

 per cent, of the children less than one year old died in 

 Lyons, 15 per cent, in Christiania, 16 per cent, in Paris 

 and London, and the death rate in Berlin reached 25.3 



