190 MILK HYGIENE 



the dealer in nursery milk is that the milk shall be sold 

 only in clear glass bottles and that the bottles shall 

 be cleansed or sterilized before they are filled. 



It should be required that milk sold as " controlled " 

 ("certifiecr' or "guaranteed") shall come from herds 

 that are under constant and competent veterinary in- 

 spection. 



Half shimmed or " half milk " is milk from which 

 a part of the fat has been removed. It is well to estab- 

 lish a minimum fat content of 1 to 1.5 per cent., as 

 already has been done in some German cities. 



[In most cities in America, milk that is below the 

 minimum standard, as half skimmed milk is, can be sold 

 legally only as skimmed milk. There is no grade for 

 milk between whole milk and skimmed milk. The desira- 

 bility of establishing such a grade may well receive care- 

 ful consideration. The same end could be gained by the 

 adoption of Wing's suggestion, but its enforcement 

 would entail administrative difficulties. L. P. ] 



[Skimmed milk is milk from which the cream has 

 been removed by hand skimming or from which the but- 

 ter-fat has been extracted by means of a centrifugal sep- 

 arator. The former kind may contain from 0.5 per 

 cent, to 1.5 per cent, fat, while the latter rarely con- 

 tains more than 0.3 per cent, fat and sometimes as little 

 as 0.01 per cent. The sale of skimmed milk is whoUy 

 prohibited in some American cities, as in New York. 

 This prohibition is placed on account of the great in- 

 clination on the part of some dealers to sell skimmed 

 milk as whole milk and the difficulty of detecting and 

 preventing this practice. It is possible, however, to 

 secure a proper observance of the law on this subject, as 

 is ])roven by the experience of cities in all countries, and 

 it would be far better for the ricli City of New York to 

 employ more inspectors, if necessary, to prevent fraud 



