DETERMINATION OF SOLIDS 217 



subtracted, one gets the quantity of solids not fat. By 

 incinerating tFie contents of the vessel, in a muffle oven, 

 and again weighing, the amount of salts, or ash, is deter- 

 mined. If it is desired to extract the fat from the other 

 solids, to determine the fat percentage, it is necessary 

 before drying the milk to mix with it a weighed quantity 

 of roasted pumice stone ; then, after evaporation, the fat 

 is removed l)y means of ether (or benzine) in an ordi- 

 nary fat extraction apparatus, and is determined by 

 weighing, after evaporating the ether. This work is 

 quite particular and requires a well appointed labora- 

 tory. ^Moreover, in practical milk control, gravimetric 

 analyses are not indispensable, for one can easily cal- 

 culate tJic qnaidity of .solu/.s from the specific ffiariti/ 

 and the fat, according to the formula derived liy Fleisch- 

 mann. If total solids are represented by t, the fat per 

 cent, by f and the specific gravity by s, one has: 



. , . , . , lOOs — lOOO 



t== Mi X t + U.fiCS 



s 



That is, if we say f ^.55 and s -- 1.0327, we f^ct 



/ . 100 X 1 .0327 — 100 \ , 2.(;il'i 3.'. 



t = 1.2 X 3..^.-, + ( i«-,5 , -^, ,„„ j- 4 J-.U 



1.0327 J ' \.0.:\1' 



Another formula proposed by Bertschinger gives quite 

 accurate results : 



t. M + 100S ^^ 

 4 



Moreover, tables have been worked out from which 

 the total solids can be read off, if both the other factors 

 are known. Ackermann has constructed an " automatic 

 reckoner " from which one can read off one of the fac- 

 tors when both of the others are known, by simply turn- 

 ing circular discs. [Richmond has devised a sliding rule 

 for the same purpose.] 



The computation of the solids not fat is very easy. 



