70 PLEASURABLE BEE-KEEPING. 



top bar, and is kept in position either by a slight top 

 bar, as in Fig. 14, or by projections on the inner sides 

 which press into the side of the top bar (Fig. 16). 



The above metal ends have very generally given way 

 before the tin ends known as the " W. B. C." (Fig. 14), 

 Mr. W. Broughton Carr having designed these ends 

 so that they could be made out of one piece of tin, 

 and be easily slipped on the end of the frame. If 

 pushed close up to the side bars 



I"\ Slk~\ ^^^ frames are kept Ij"^ inch apart. 



Il^ V^ ^^M^^F ll ^'^^ various reasons it is thought 

 ^ IE^^^M a "iesirable by some bee-keepers to 

 tn be able to space frames J inch 



]7jg_ j^g apart. To do this the alternate 



ends of this pattern are pushed 

 back a little towards the end of the bar, and when the 

 frames are pushed together the metal ends overlap each 

 other, and a distance of J inch only between the frames 

 is obtained. 



The Howaed End. 



The Howard metal end, which differs somewhat from 

 the " W. B. C," was introduced to meet the following 

 requirements : "1. To reduce the brood-chamber sur- 

 face so that an ordinary section rack may be used 

 between the walls of an extra body when storified, as 

 a lift, so that the escape of heat and bees is rendered 

 impossible. 2. That every frame shall be kept dis- 

 tanced strictly within the inside of the hive, thus 

 entirely preventing propohsation on the resting surface 

 of the underside of the frame, and — 3. That the bars 

 may be kept at right angles to the top bar." 



