SPECIES EXTINCT OR EXTIRPATED. 479 



echoes, as if an armie of men had showted all together." ^ 

 These birds probably were breeding there, as otherwise they 

 would not have been there in such numbers at that season. 

 The great cry described could have been produced only by 

 Cranes. 



Lawson (1709), in his History of Carolina, wrote that 

 Cranes " use the savannas, low ground and frogs; " and 

 that they "are above five feet high, when extended; are of a 

 cream color, and have a crimson spot on the crown of their 

 heads." ^ This description of the Whooping Crane is unmis- 

 takable. A hundred years later Wilson found the species in 

 South Carolina. 



Latham (1775) says that the Whooping Crane appears at 

 the mouth of the Savannah, Aratamaha and other rivers in 

 spring, going north to breed, like the Common Crane.* 



Wilson and Nuttall say that formerly it wintered near 

 Cape May, N. J. (probably about the last of the eighteenth 

 century), but its great size and conspicuous plumage made it 

 a tempting mark, and it was driven away. 



Audubon says that in his time it seldom was seen in the 

 middle States and was unknown to the eastward of these 

 States, but Nuttall states that it was met with in almost every 

 part of North America. 



TurnbuU (1869) asserts that this Crane may be said to 

 have disappeared from east Pennsylvania and New Jersey, not 

 even a straggler having been seen for some years.* 



David Pieterszoon De Vries (1633-43), writing of the birds 

 in New Netherland, speaks of White Cranes and Gray Cranes. 

 These are given in a list of the birds which are found near the 

 entrance of the Hudson River and the Achter Col (" the Back 

 Bay," i.e., Newark Bay), or in the vicinity of what is now 

 New York City and Newark.^ He tells also of white Herons 

 and gray ones, which shows that he distinguished them from 

 the Cranes. 



1 Early English and French Voyages, 1534-1608, edited by H. S. Burrage, 1906, p. 229. 



2 Lawaon, John: History of Carolina, 1860, p. 239. 



' Latham, J.: General History of Birds, 1821-24, Vol. IX, p. 44. 

 * Tuinbull, William P.: Birds of East Pennsylvania and New Jersey, 1869, p. 49. 

 ' Narratives of New Netherland, Am. Hist. Asso., edited by J. Franklin Jameson, 1909, 

 p. 221. 



