produced less than one-tenth of the product. 
Of the 26,000 establishments in the U. S. only 
in 2 is the annual output more than 50 million 
and in 27 the output runs from 25 to 50 mil- 
lion. Pennsylvania establishments, principally 
in Philadelphia, produce 28% of the entire 
U.S. cigar output ; New York State, principal- 
ly New York City, comes next with about 20% ; 
and Ohio, principally Cincinnati, third with 
about 8%. 
For machine-made goods the principal ma- 
chines used- are the bunch rollers and the suc- 
tion table. The former rolls the bunch of filler 
leaves and presses them into shape. The suc- 
tion table is used for wrapping the cigar. The 
operator places the wrapper leaf on a per- 
forated plate. By pressing a foot lever a 
vacuum is created beneath this plate which 
holds the-leaf smooth and snug against the 
table. The perforated plate is exactly the 
form which the wrapper must be to properly 
fit the cigar. It is easily cut around and 
trimmed to shape. The bunch from the bunch 
roller is then quickly encased in the wrapper. 
Human labor is necessary only to feed the ma- 
chines and to spread the wrappers. 25,000 
bunches can easily be wrapped in a week at a 
cost of $6 to $9 for labor (principally female) 
and the upkeep of the machine. This in labor 
103 
