SUGAR FACTORY FEEDS AND OIL MEALS 203 



feeding. It makes a good substitute for linseed meal, pound for 

 pound, for dairy cows, and is one of the most promising concen- 

 trates available for stock feeding; the only objection to its use, so 

 far as is known, is its cost, which is, as a rule, considerably above 

 that of linseed meal or cotton-seed meal. 18 



Peanut Meal. — This residue is obtained in the manufacture of 

 peanut oil. It is rarely fed in this country, but it is one of the 

 common oil meals used by European dairy farmers. The meal on 

 the market is manufactured either from hulled or whole peanuts, 

 the former being the more valuable. It is one of our most con- 

 centrated and digestible nitrogenous feeds, containing, on the aver- 

 age, nearly 50 per cent protein, 7.3 per cent fat, 5.0 per cent fiber, 

 24,5 per cent nitrogen-free extract, and 5.2 per cent ash. The pro- 

 tein substances and the nitrogen-free extract are 90 per cent di- 

 gestible, and the fat 89 per cent digestible. It is, therefore, a con- 

 siderably richer feed than either cotton-seed meal or soybean meal, 

 and, like these, is well worthy of a trial or a more extended use by 

 our dairy and stock farmers. In Europe peanut meal is fed espe- 

 cially to dairy cows, which receive two or three pounds thereof 

 daily per head, generally mixed with other kinds of oil meal and 

 grain. It is also often fed as sole concentrate, however; a common 

 ration for dairy cows in southern Germany and Switzerland is 

 composed of about 20 pounds meadow hay and two to four pounds 

 peanut meal, according to the production of the cows. It is also 

 a good feed for fattening steers, and is fed to horses as a partial 

 substitute for oats, viz., in place of 13.2 pounds (6 kilos) of oats, 

 8.8 pounds oats and 2.2 pounds peanut meal, and in place of 11 

 pounds of oats, 6.6 pounds oats and 3.3 pounds peanut meal. This 

 oil meal is also used with good results in feeding young stock, espe- 

 cially foals. On account of its high fat and protein contents, it 

 has a rather poor keeping quality ; it is sometimes adulterated with 

 residues from other oil-bearing seeds or with peanut hulls, and 

 should, therefore, always be bought on analysis. 



QUESTIONS 



1. Describe by-products obtained in the manufacture of (a) cane-sugar, (6) 



beet-sugar; give the main uses to which these are put in stock feeding. 



2. What are the general methods of manufacturing oil meals ? 



3. Give the main oil meals used for feeding farm animals in this country, 



and their characteristic properties. 



4. Give the swelling test for determining when linseed meal is old- or 



new-process. 



5. Give a simple test for purity of cotton-seed meal. 



6. Are cotton-seed meal and cotton-seed hulls used as sole feeds for farm 



animals; if so, under what conditions and for what purposes? 



18 U. S. Dept. Agr. Bui. "439; N. C. Cir. 34. 



