SANGUIFICATION IN THE LIVER. 



Glycogenic function. Glycogen derived through glucose and laevulose 

 from starch, glycerine, milk and cane sugars. Less from proteids. Peptones 

 as a source. Its use in cell growth and heat production, in white blood 

 cells, in contracting muscle, becoming lactic acid. Excess dissolves red 

 globules, setting free haemoglobin. Ammonia carbonate and asparagin 

 increases it. Arsenic, phosphorus or antimony arrests glycogenesis. Liver 

 increases leucocytes, and reduces size of red globules. Reduction of 

 proteids. Fibrine formers reduced, urea formed ; liver inactivity means 

 less of soluble urea, and more of less soluble and more dangerous products. 

 Urea increases with hepatic circulation. Hepatic disorder and suppression 

 of urine dangerous. Red globules probably destroyed. Bile : Amount, 

 uses, oil solvent, helps endosmosis, deodorant, stimulates glycogenesis, ex- 

 cretory. Source of bile pigments, tests. Bile acids, dissolve blood globules, 

 antiseptic, tests. Bile increased by ; bile absorbed from bowel, olive oil, salol, 

 salicylates, benzoic acid and benzoates, turpentine, terpene, terpinol, euony- 

 mus, alkalies, arsenic, ether. Agents lessening biliary secretion, starvation, 

 excess of fat, alkaline iodides, atropia, strychnia, hepatic diseases, septic 

 duodenal fermentation. Arrest in liver of copper, iron, iodides, bromides, 

 nicotine, quinine, morphia, curare, toxic bile products, ptomaines, toxins. 

 Reduces toxicity of peptones, casein, ammonia salts, indol, phenol. 



The liver is the goal to which most of the products of gastric 

 and intestinal digestion are carried by the portal vein. In the 

 hepatic cells large quantities of glycogen, 6 (C^HijOj) + HjO, 

 are stored up after each meal. This is believed to be derived 

 largely from the transformation of glucose, (CgHj^Og) and laevu- 

 lose (CgHj^Og) which have been produced from starch in the 

 alimentary canal and conveyed by the portal vein to the liver. 

 By the liberal use of starch, glycerine, or the sugars of milk, 

 fruit or cane, (but not mannite, or glycol, or inosite) the glyco- 

 gen is very greatly increased (to 12 per cent, in the fowl), but it 

 is diminished on a purely albuminous diet. Yet it can be pro- 

 duced from albuminous food, as it is always increased in the dog 

 after a meal of flesh, and is largely present in the livers of carni- 

 vorous animals that have been fed for a month on flesh only 

 (Landois). The peptones are therefore decomposed in the liver 

 with the production of glycogen and such waste products as 

 leucin and tyrosin, which are finally resolved into urea. A 

 purely fatty diet diminishes it enormously and during prolonged 

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