458 Veterinary Medicine. 



them of the coloring matters of bile. The condition is a symp- 

 tom of many different affections rather than a disease.^(?r se, yet 

 the phenomenon is so characteristic that it has been hitherto 

 accorded a special place and article in systematic works. 



Jaundice is either associated with mechanical obstruction of the 

 bile duct or ducts, or it is independent of such obstruction. 'The 

 following enumeration of its causes slightly modified from Mur- 

 chison, is equally applicable to the lower animals as to man : 



A. Jaundice From Mechanical Obstruction of the Bile 



Duct. 



/. Obstruction by foreign bodies within the duct : 



1. Gall .stones and inspis,sated bile. 



2. Hydatids and distomata. 



3. Foreign bodies from the intestines. 



//. Obstruction by inflammatory tumefaction of the duodenum 

 or of the lining m,em.brane of the bile duct with exudation into its 

 interior. 



III. Obsttuction by stricture or obliteration of the duct. 



1. Congenital deficiency of the duct. 



2. Stricture from perihepatitis. 



3. Closure of the orifice of the duct in consequence of ulcer 



of the duodenum. 



4. Stricture from cicatrization of ulcers in the bile duct. 



5. Spasmodic stricture. 



IV. Obstruction by tumors closing the orifice of the duct or grow- 

 ing in its interior, 



V. Obstruction by pres.5ure on the duct from within, by ; 



1. Tumors projecting from the liver itself. 



2. Enlarged glands in the fis.sure of the liver. 



3. Tumor of the stomach. 



4. Tumor of the, pancreas. 

 5._ Tumor of the kidney. 



6. Post peritoneal or omental tumor. 



7. An abdominal aneurism. 



5. Accumulation of faeces in the bowels. 

 9. A pregnant uterus. 



ID. Ovarian and uterine tumors. 



