492 Veterinary Medicine. 



congestion, may also determine the further morbid stage of 

 inflammation. Cadeac mentions a case whidi developed in a horse 

 kept alone and idle in the stable. He makes no mention of con- 

 dition, food, cleanliness nor ventilation. Haubner and Franzen 

 have traced it to a diet of malt or of hay harvested from inundated 

 meadows. Zundel records a case following exposure to extreme 

 cold. More commonly the disease is .secondary to the overtaxing 

 of the liver, by heavy feeding in warm liioist climates, or in 

 haemoglobinsemia, or to the arrest of the microrganisms of the 

 food, or of infectious diseases. 



Causes in Cattle. These suffer rarely, but from essentially the 

 .same conditions. It has followed aphthous fever (Eletti), and 

 ari,sen under a forcing ration, in hot weather (Callot, Cruzelj, or 

 under overwork (Cruzel). 



Causes in Dogs. Most cases result from infection by way of 

 the stomach and intestines, or by the transfer to the liver of the 

 ptomaines and toxins of such infections. It is thus related in 

 its origin to catarrhal jaundice and hypersemia. 



Lesio7is. In the earliest stage with albuminoid exudation into 

 its substance the liver may be greatly enlarged, its sharp edges 

 rounded, and its consistency .softened. After a week's illness 

 atrophy may have set in and the organ appears shrunken and of 

 ocherous yellow. In the early .stages there may be .sanguineous 

 engorgement, the cut surface may bleed freely, and small extra- 

 vasations may show throughout the liver sub.stance, later the 

 clay-yellow line, tlie granular aspect and the absence of blood on 

 the cut surface are characteristic. The margins of the adjacent 

 acini are indefinite or lost, and under the microscope the hepatic 

 cells are charged with granules (albuminoid, fatty and pigment- 

 ary), while the nuclei are no longer demonstrable. 



In cattle the liver may be double the normal size and at first 

 of a deep purple red, which may change later to the earthy 

 yellow. 



In dogs the liver is tumid and yellow, and marked by small 

 pea-like centres of softening. There is marked .softening and 

 the microscope reveals the characteristic degeneration of the 

 hepatic cells. 



Symptoms in the Horse. These resemble those of congestion 

 rendered more intense and therefore somewhat less obscure. The 



