Haemolysis in Practical Veterinary Science. 



I.— INTRODUCTION. 



In producing and using anti-sera for curative and preventive purposes, 

 it must be kept in mind tliat tlie injectioii of virulent matter gives 

 rise, not only to siJeciflc anti-bodies against the microbes, but also 

 against every proteid substance wliicli accompanies tliem. Since the 

 virulent matter in horse-sicknesjs, for example, is contained in the 

 blood, and the anti-serum is produceil by the injection of such blood, 

 it must be expected that anti-bodies are formed, not only against the 

 micro-organism, but also against the constituents of such blood ; the 

 prevalent anti-bodj" is, however, that corresponding to the horse- 

 sickness organism. 



The following table may elucidate the theoretical possibilities in 

 passive and active immunisation: — 



A. 

 Antigen. 



1. Pure living culture of 

 mici-obes. 



Ji. 



GiTes rise to anti-bodies. 



a 



Result of injection of seram contain- 

 ing the anti-bodies mentioned 

 under B. 



Bacteri ci dines, lysines, 

 agglutinines (anti- 

 toxines and precipi- 

 tines), opsonines. 



2. Dead culture or fil- Anti-toxines, precipitines. 

 trate. 



3. Blood or serum con- 

 taining the virus 

 Avhich is generally 

 ultra-visible. 



Anti-bodies as under 1 

 and 2. In addition 

 haemolysines, hae- 

 maggbitin ines,serum 

 precipitines. 



Bacteriolysis and agglutina- 

 tion. 



Neutralisation of the toxins, 

 precipitation of the bac- 

 terial products. 



Action as under 1 and 2. In 

 addition : precipitation 

 of serum constituents, 

 Haemolysis. 



In the Transvaal the following methods of immunisation are 

 actually in jpractice : — 



A. — Against Bacterial diseases. 



1. Black Quarter: — Active immunisation by means of a vaccine, 



that is to say, with an artificially attenuated virus (heated 

 and dried muscle substance) — two injections. 



2. Pleuro-pneumonia : — ActiA^e immunisation by one injection 



of a pure culture (in bouillon Martin). 



