Contents. Xill 
PAGES 
to the air—Irrigating and flooding—Spraying for frost—Till- 
ing-—Systematie evaporation of water in orchards.— The 
making of smudges—Characteristies of a good smudge—Ma- 
terials to use—Spraying the smudges—An account of Euro- 
pean experience.— Muking currents of air—Heating the air 
—Use of large fires é , ‘ 92-121 
THE PREDICTION OF FROST. Reeords of frosts—Frost 
charts—The psychrometer— Finding the dew-point. 121-121 
CHAPTER Iii. 
THE TILLAGE OF Fruit Lanps. : " : 133-174 
Evolution of tillage—Apparently contrary to nature—Com- 
parison with the forest—~ Weeds—Neglect of apple orchards. 
THE PHILOSOPHY OF TILLAGE. Three main objects of till- 
age.— The terture of the soil—Physical conditions more im- 
portant than mere plant-food.— The moisture of the soil— 
Drought and rainfall—The moisture reservoir—Fall plowing 
— Tillage to save moisture—The earth-mulch. Vts-145 
Use OF THE VARIOUS TOOLS IN RELATION TO CONSERVA- 
TION OF MOISTURE. Plowing to save moisture—The test of 
good plowing.— Harrowing to save moisture—The spring- 
tooth harrow—The acme harrow—The dise harrows—The 
smoothing harrows.—Cultivators and conservation of mois- 
ture—Level culture vs. ridge culture.—The roller in its 
relation to soil moisture—Difficulty of using the roller prop- 
erly—Its relation to seeding—Shbould be followed by tillage 145-154 
SUGGESTIONS FOR THE TILLING OF FRUIT LANDS. Drain- 
ing—Subsoiling— Preliminary preparation of land for fruit 
plantations—The plowing of the orchard—Level culture— 
The tools— Harnesses— The tillage in the early and late years 
of the orchard.— Specific remarks—1, Begin to till when the 
orchard is planted, and till the entire surface—The deep root- 
ing of trees—2, Tillage should be begun early in the season, 
in orchards—The early growth of trees—3, Tillage should 
generally be stopped in late summer or very early fall—4, Till 
in such manner that the land may be in uniform fine tilth— 
5, Tillage may be overdone—Too rapid growth . ‘ . 154-169 
