Preface. 1x 
the one from the other, and between each two is a 
row of apples on cordons or single horizontal wires; 
and in the spaces potatoes or other annual crops are 
often planted. Even the wires that brace the end 
posts of the trellises have apple trees trained on 
them like strands of vines. Each tree is trained to 
a definite number of branches or arms, and even the 
fruit-spurs are carefully determined. This plantation 
is the property of a company whose business it is to 
eare for the land and the trees, and to find a mar- 
ket for the fruit. It is expensive to grow apples 
in this way; but the best Calvilles often fetch a 
guilden (about forty-one cents) apiece. 
Perhaps the most important lesson which the 
American fruit-grower has yet to learn is the fact 
that there are two types of effort in commercial fruit- 
growing, and that there may be pecuniary reward in 
fruits which are unknown in the market. Failure to 
distinguish these two categories is the result of a con- 
fusion of ideas. One grows fruit either for a special 
and personal market, in which case he looks for his 
own customer and is independent of general trade; or 
he grows what the market demands, and allows the 
machinery of trade to handle the product. In the 
latter effort, the American fruit-grower is preéminent; 
but in the former he has made little more than a 
beginning. 
L. H. BAILEY. 
Bozen, Tyrou, May 20, 1898. 
