Preface. vii 
the European customs and ideals. He is bold and 
confident. He easily buys and sells land. He con- 
trols his own efforts and destinies. He has more help 
from teachers and experiment stations than the Euro- 
pean has. A single instance will illustrate all this. 
Spraying for fungous diseases is a European develop- 
ment, whereas large-area spraying for insects is an 
American development. The American has assimi- 
lated the spraying for plant diseases and has made 
improvements in the machinery, while he has at the 
same time made equal progress in fighting insects; 
but the European has not assimilated the American 
methods of handling insects, and spraying for plant 
diseases is probably less generally understood than in 
America. 
In many parts of Europe, the farmer is a tenant, 
and he therefore has little interest in planting trees. 
But even if he owns land, the area is usually small, 
notwithstanding the fact that there are many very 
large individual plantations. There are few great geo- 
graphical regions which are adapted to fruit-growing, 
or which, if they are adapted, can be utilized for that 
purpose. The environments of the Old World farmer 
are relatively inflexible. The result is that his methods 
tend to become stereotyped and rigid. He lacks the 
inspiration which comes of conditions which are easily 
recast and modified. His small areas must be so 
crowded with many kinds of plants that machine- 
work is impossible. There are few orchards in Europe, 
as that word is understood in America, meaning an 
area devoted exclusively to tree fruits set at regular 
