74 The Principles of Fruit-growing. 
more injury from being shaken than from an ordinary late frost. 
* * * * The evergreens should be planted in lines parallel 
with the pear rows, and they will more than pay for the ground 
they oceupy in protecting the fruit trees from heavy gales.— 
Quinn, Pear Culture for Profit, 19. 
It is within the power of man greatly to modify the character 
of a situation by the judicious planting of belts of evergreens, 
by a wise addition of elements and a proper culture of the soil, 
and by encouraging the shade of the vineyard itself wherever 
circumstances indicates its necessity. — Strong, Culture of the 
Grape, 101. 
In general, it will be found necessary to secure protection on 
the west, north and northeast. * * * * No defense is better 
than a good belt of Norway spruce, and if they form a crescent 
in which the vineyard is embowered, but little danger need be 
apprehended from violent winds.—Phin, Open Air Grape Cul- 
ture, 40. 
If the land has no protection from the north and northwest, 
see what the facilities are for supplying one either by walls or a 
belt of trees. If trees are to be used, evergreens are best.—Ful- 
ler, Grape Culturist, 89. 
The location [for the vineyard] should be sheltered from the 
cold winds from the north and northwest.—Husmann, Culture of 
the Native Grape, 43. 
An artificial wind-break of this kind [“in the shape of an L, 
sometimes a perfect square,” generally of cottonwoods, of the 
style prevalent in the west] is an excellent thing for the build- 
ings, and it should embrace several acres, but for protection to 
the orchard it is worse than useless. In a quiet, warm day in 
late winter these groves reflect the sun’s rays, and, if continued 
for some days, will either start too early a growth, which is soon 
to freeze up again, or the freezing and thawing of the bark kills 
it in patches, and we have the next summer the evidence in the 
sloughing off of the bark on the sunny side, followed by decayed 
wood and w consequent swarm of borers, which take possession, 
