Smudging in Europe. 115 
which shall be lighted without delay whenever nec- 
essary.’ The practice was obligatory in at least one 
part of Germany at the end of the last century. 
In Mr. Héguilus’ pamphlet* is quoted a set of regu- 
lations, issued in the Bailiwick of Pforzheim (Grand 
Duchy of Baden) in 1796, which provides that the 
inhabitants of the communes shall be divided into 
companies of twelve or eighteen men, under a chief, 
to operate in districts assigned them by an official 
inspector, and provides for a system of night watch- 
men, whose duty it was to give warning of the 
necessity for lighting the fires. ‘Whoever of the in- 
habitants,’ Article VII. of these regulations reads, 
‘shall refuse to obey, shall be prosecuted before the 
bailiff and receive exemplary punishment.’ Bous- 
singault found the custom among the Indians of 
Peru, who inherited it from the pre-Spanish  civili- 
zation. 
“Various substitutes for the bundles of straw, and 
such primitive smudges, have been proposed, and a 
number of patented compositions are on the French 
market. Mr. A. Lippens, of Ghent, in a letter, 
describes several of them. He writes: 
“ ‘Generally they’ [. e., the French vine-grow- 
ers] ‘use three bundles of small fagots, in which 
they insert half-dried hay and wet straw. A line 
of about fifty suffices for a hundred acres.’ The 
cost is about ten cents an acre. ‘More enlightened 
vine-growers use the heavy oils of coal gas from 
*Procédé Héguilus, “La Vigne et les gelées printaniéres.” Lodéve (Hérault), 
1891. 
