116 The Principles of Fruit-growing. 
which the pitch has been taken. About four-fifths 
of a quart is placed in a flat iron-ware dish. Ten 
of these will protect a vineyard of one hundred 
acres; twenty, one of four hundred acres. The dishes 
are to be set closer together at the two ends of 
the line than in the middle, and a supply of oil 
must be held ready in reserve in case that, on ac- 
count of wind or of great clearness at sunrise, 
another firing should be found necessary.’ 
“M. Lestout, of Bordeaux, has an invention, as 
described in his pamphlet, as follows: ‘It consists 
of little eubical boxes, twenty centimeters (a little 
less than eight inches) square, weighing seven kilos 
(fifteen pounds four ounces), and costing about 
seventy-five centimes (fifteen cents) apiece. These are 
placed around the field to be protected at a distance 
of ten meters (thirty-two feet ten inches) apart, and 
are easily ignited from a torch. The fire emits a 
black smoke, which ean be rendered more dense by 
pouring water upon the smudges. After awhile, the 
columns of smoke fuse into a thick cloud, which 
settles upon the field, and elevates the temperature by 
two or three degrees. The fires can be instantly put 
out by an extinguisher.’ M. Lestout declares that 
three hundred smudges, costing two hundred and 
twenty-five frances (forty-five dollars), will protect a 
vineyard three thousand meters square—i. e., one 
containing nine hundred hectares (about two thou- 
sand two hundred acres)—namely, at a cost of 
twenty-five centimes (five cents) per two and one- 
half acres. 
