256 The Principles of Fruit-growing. 
puts in the plants. There are various devices for 
locating the position of the original stake, after the 
hole has been dug. One of the best consists sim- 
ply of a thin board three or four inches wide and 
six or seven feet long, with a notch at its center, 
and a stationary leg or pin at one end (a). ‘The 
other end (b) is provided with a hole to receive the 
top of another stake or pin. The notch is set 
against the stake, the legs at each end of the board 
being thrust into the ground at the same time. 
The end (b) is now raised off the pin or leg, and 
the board is swung around out of the range of 
the hole. When the hole is dug, the end (b) is 
swung back and dropped upon the pin, and the tree 
is set in the notch.* 
The methods of laying out orchards have been 
discussed in detail recently by H. BE. Van Deman, 
formerly pomologist of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, and copious quotations are 
made from these writings.t 
“To lay out with the plow.—Before doing any- 
thing, one must decide which style or arrangement 
of the trees is to be followed and the distance apart 
to plant them. This having been decided, the first 
thing to be done is to establish a base line, which 
should be along a fence, road or some other perma- 
nent border of the tract to be planted. Prepare 
*The reader will find this implement and another one illustrated on page 56 of 
“Garden-Making.” 
tH. E. Van Deman, “Laying Out Orchards,” Green's Fruit Grower, April, 
1897. : 
