Making the Rows Straight. 207 
enough small split stakes, that may be easily seen, 
to put at each end of every tree row; that is, 
enough to go entirely around the tract. Then, set 
a stake firmly at a spot which shall be the first 
established corner of the outside limits of the 
orchard. It must, however, be set at a spot which 
shall also be the end of another line running exactly 
at right angles to the ase line. In the west, 
where the farms are nearly all laid out in perfect 
squares or rectangles, the fields are apt to be rec- 
tangular. In the absence of a surveyor’s transit, 
a carpenter’s square may be used to establish the 
lines, by sighting along its edges when laid on the 
tops of three stakes at the corner. Set a stake at 
the farther end of each of these lines. From this 
first corner stake measure along the base line fifteen 
feet, or as far as it is thought best to have the 
width of the margin between the trees and the 
fence, and there set a stake. Next, measure along 
the base line from this second stake the distance 
that the trees will be apart, and set a_ stake. 
Measure along the entire length of the base line, 
setting a stake at every 1674, 20, 25, 33 feet, or 
whatever distance may have been decided upon. 
This line of stakes being only the ends of the 
transverse rows and not the places for trees, they 
need not be set absolutely in a straight line, but 
should be nearly so. Then, go back to the original 
corner stake and measure fifteen feet at right angles 
to the base line and set a stake, which determines 
the width of the border next the base line. Now, 
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