280 The Principles of Fruit-growing. 
area of the root had been actually increased, for the 
many small roots certainly present more surface than 
the main shaft of the root did. It must be remem- 
bered, however, that the real surface of the original 
root extended far beyond the present point, and 
there is no way of telling if the adventitious roots 
actually present more surface than the whole of the 
original root did. But it is probable that an occa- 
Fig. 42. Showing the numerous adventitious branches of a broken apple root. 
sional light root-pruning may do more good than 
harm in some cases. 
The particular methods of caring for plantations 
of small-fruits can scarcely be discussed in a gen- 
eral work on fruit-growing, but in general it may 
be said that a deep cultivation with a spring-tooth 
cultivator (No. 9, Fig. 18, page 147) is usually suffi- 
cient for breaking up the ground in spring amongst 
bush-fruits, if the land is clean and in good con- 
