Winter-killing of Trees. 318 
yard label (designed by W. Paddock, State Experi- 
ment Station, Geneva, N. Y.). The label is a strip 
of heavy zine secured to a stiff galvanized wire. 
This wire or shank is provided with a hook at the 
lower end and a half-hitch near its middle, so that it 
can be securely adjusted to the wires of the trellis, 
holding the label well above the foliage. 
INJURIES BY COLD AND RAIN. 
There are two distinct types of injuries to fruit 
plants by cold,—true winter-killing (or the injury of 
the tree or buds when perfectly dormant by the low 
temperature of winter time), and the killing of the 
growing or swelling parts by the “cold snaps” or 
frosts of late spring and early fall. Either subject 
is too large for full elaboration in the present vol- 
ume, and therefore only some of the most obvious 
and usual aspects of the subjects are here considered. 
Winter-killing of the wood.—There are three fac- 
tors which chiefly appeal to the fruit-grower in the 
winter-killing of trees,—positive cold, very dry or 
very wet soil, and heaving of the land by frost. 
The subject of “dry freezing” has already been dis- 
cussed to some extent in Chapter I. The heaving 
of the land is prevented by drainage, by proper. 
methods of tillage, and by the judicious use of cover 
crops. The degree of cold may be somewhat modi- 
fied, as we have already found, by exercising judg- 
ment in the selection of site and exposure, and by 
the careful employment of wind-breaks. Yet, winter- 
