Characteristic Birds of Lodgepole Pine/Spruce-Fir Complex: 



goshawk, blue grouse, ruffed grouse, great gray owl, calliope humming- 

 bird, Williamson's sapsucker, hairy woodpecker, Hammond's flycatcher, 

 olive-sided flycatcher, gray jay, Steller's jay, common raven, Clark's 

 nutcracker, mountain chickadee, red-breasted nuthatch, brown creeper, 

 dipper, American robin, hermit thrush, Townsend's solitaire, ruby-crowned 

 kinglet, yellow-rumped warbler, western tanager, Cassin's finch, pine 

 grosbeak, pine siskin, red crossbill, dark-eyed junco, white-crowned 

 sparrow. 



Douglas-Fir/ Aspen Complex 



Along a broad zone between the upper edge of the sagebrush-grassland 

 community and the lower edge of the dense lodgepole forests at eleva- 

 tions up to 8500 feet, scattered stands of Douglas-fir and aspen grow. 

 The Douglas-fir, with its thick fire-resistant bark, has probably persisted 

 in this environment because of its ability to withstand ground fires. On 

 exposed sites it is scattered sparsely, but grows in reasonably dense stands 

 on most drier south and west facing slopes. Aspen also occur in scattered 

 stands in this environment, particularly where spring seepages or high 

 water tables exist. The absence of fire for the past eighty years and heavy 

 browsing, particularly by elk, have retarded the growth and expansion 

 of the aspen. Limber pine appears in pockets largely confined to the Mam- 

 moth Hot Springs area in Yellowstone and is scattered generally throughout 

 Grand Teton. Rocky Mountain and common juniper also occur in drier 

 transitional areas within this complex. In forested areas the forest floor 

 vegetation includes snowberry, pine grass, and a variety of wildflowers. 



