72- 



secure them they should be gathered from the trees as soon as they tariu 

 brown, and the kernel becomes firm. They should be sown in good friable- 

 soil soon after they are gathered, as they retain their vitality under the most 

 favorable circumstances but a few weeks, they shauldbe planted before, the- 

 first of July, less than an inoh deep. 



The greater portion will come up in ». few d'ays, and grow a foot or morfr 

 the first year, and' in about three or four years are fit to transplant from the 

 nursery. Cattle are exceeding fond of the young twigs- andleaves, and must 

 be ftept from them during the winter, spring- and early summer months. 

 When planted in suitable soil, their roots extend to a great distance, com- 

 pletely taking possession of the subsoil, yet allowing grass to grow well un- 

 der the drip of the trees. Few trees can successfully maintain their ground 

 when competing with the elm, in fact nothing except the soft or red maple, 

 and some varieties of the Cottonwood ; but as the elms; especially the white 

 ones, attain an age four times as great as those, and are much larger, it is best- 

 not only to give them the entire- ground, but not to crowd the space with the 

 elms, unless it be the intention to remove them at an early age. Small trees 

 remoTe from the niysery best, as larger ones have long slender Eoots,. whicb 

 cannot be extracted from the soil without destroying them. 



CBLTIS. (NettUtree—EacTtherr^.) 



This is a siib-oider of the ulmacese. Flowers greenish, appearing with the- 

 leaves. Fruit a globular drupe, with thin flesh. Name is ancient Greek for 

 lotus, as it is supposed that the fruit was eaten by the Lotophagi. 



CELTIS OCCIDENTALIS. {Susav-berryr-Hackberry.). 



Leaves roughish, oblictuely ovate„ sharply serrate, often heart-shaped, or 

 half heart-shaped at the base. Fruit dull purple or yellowish brown, sweet 

 and edible, as large as bird cheriies; ripre in autnma and remaining on the 

 tree during winte-r. 



In Wisconsin the hackberry grows rapidly to a fair sized tree, and 60 feet 

 high, mth yellowish white wood, nearly as simple as-blaek ash, and is in some- 

 places called hoop ash. It splits freely and may be used as a substitute for- 

 ash, and also where elm would fee reqmred. The wood) makes good fuel, and 

 can be grown at the rate of 640. or more to the acre, on any land fitted for 

 the- growth of the sugar maple, into trees from 12 to 18 inches in diameter.. 

 The tree has the aspect of the elm, but less liable to branch, and sometimes 

 it may be found two feet in diameter, with a straight aind sound stem. Al- 

 though this tree is considered valueless in the- eastern states, it is very dif- 

 ferent in Wisconsin, and can be propagated from, the berries. 



JUGLANDACE^. ( WatrmtfamUy.) 



Trees with alternate pinnate leaves ; the sterile flowers in catkins, with aa 

 irregular calyx; the fertile solitary or in small clusters, with a regular three 

 or five lobed calyx. Fruitft kind of dry drupe, with a bony endocarp, (nut- 

 shell), containing a large four lobed seed^ Cotyledons fleshy and oiLy. 



