burled 12 to 15 feet deep, and where they must have been buried before the 

 Adaraie period, and yet such logs were sufficiently sound to be cut into 

 timber. But although the timber lasts thus when completely immersed in 

 water, it is not valuable as fence posts when on dry land, since it will de' 

 cay rapidly at the surface of the ground, if allowed to remain the year 

 round. For hop-poles it is preferable to any other tree. Another valuable 

 quality about the tree is, that it may be planted in wet ground, with the 

 black ash, red maple and while pine to complete timber belts. 



CUPRESSINE^. {The Cypress family) 



These are trees of a sub-order of the coniferae, with fertile flowers, consist* 

 ing of a few carpellary scales, without bracts, bearing from one to several 

 erect ovules on their base, the orifice upward, forming a closed strobile or a 

 sort of drupe fruit — buds naked. This sub'Order contains the thuja and cw- 

 pressus (abor vitas and white cedar,) taxodium (cypress) and Junipems (red ce- 

 dar). 



THUJA. {Arbor Ftte.) 



Flowers monoecious on different branches, in yery small terminal ovoid cat- 

 kins. Fertile catkins of few imbricated scales, fixed by the base, each bear- 

 ing two erect ovules; dry and spreading at maturity. Trees with very flat 

 two ranked spray, on which the minute and oppressed scale-like persistent 

 leaves are very closely imbricated. The name Thya is from a Greek word 

 applied to a resinous evergreen, but what kind is doubtful. 



THUJA OCCIDENTALIS. {American arbor vitce). 



Leaves ovate-rhombic, with a gland on the back, in four rows on the two- 

 edged branchlets; — cones small, not more than half an inch long, pointless, 

 one-seeded— Seeds small, broadly winged all round, ripe in the fall and may 

 be kept till spring before sowing. Usually found in swamps and in cool 

 rocky banks. 



In Wisconsin it grows in extensive " cedar swamps," and bears the name 

 of white cedar. The trees grow from 80 to 60 feet high, with recurved 

 branches ; yielding a pungent aromatic oil, with light wood, but exceedingly 

 durable. 



This tree is readily propagated from cuttings planted in frames early in 

 autumn and protected from frost in winter. In making cuttings it is best to 

 take the young wood with a small portion of the old wood attached. The 

 soil in which they are planted should be at least one-half sand or sandy loam, 

 and the remainder a good,, well decomposed leaf mould, or other old and rich 

 soil. If planted in September or early October, they will usually be rooted 

 by the first of May following, even when no glass is used for coverings. 

 They should be shaded from the direct rays of the sun until winter sets in 

 then covered sufficiently to keep out the frost. Transplant the next spring. 



In this state the tree grows to a large size, even in its native places ; and 

 when planted on the dry sandy lauds, it makes an excellent growth. Where 

 a thick timber belt is needed for protection, and the land is moderately 

 moist, no trees except the red cedar on the dry land excels it. If planted 

 thickly the tree will shoot up into fine poles, admirably fitted for hop-poles, 



