THE SOFTWOODS 187 
can only be reproduced by means of a change 
of generation with somewhat similar diseases on 
the leaves of the former. They thus form the 
‘hosts’ upon whose leaves Melampsora betulina 
on birch, and M. sremule on aspen, effect their 
alternate generation with Coma Laricis on larch 
needles, or C. pinetorquum on the Scots pine, which 
sometimes causes canker of the young pine shoots. 
This is an additional reason for cutting out young 
softwoods in crops of larch and pine, and for 
removing birch and aspen growing near areas 
that are soon to be regenerated. 
The Lime (Tilia europea) can hardly be called 
one of our forest trees, as it is practically confined 
to parks and to the more ornamental portions of 
our woodlands. As an ornamental tree it is 
well suited for the formation of avenues, and for 
parks and open spaces. These are, indeed, the 
proper positions for the lime. Grown in imme- 
diate proximity to a house it is no favourite of 
the gardener, who finds its beautiful foliage and 
the sweetness of its honeyed flowers in July not 
a full equivalent for the untidiness caused by the 
falling of the stipules and bracts, and the early 
shedding of the leaves. Producing wood lighter 
