xii 
CONTENTS 
The List Quadrat 
204. Description 
205. Manner of use 
206. Table of abundance 
The Chart Quadrat 
207. Description and use 
208, The chart 
209. Mapping 
210. Factors and shotomushe 
The Permanent Quadrat 
211. Description and uses . 
212. Manner of use 
The Denuded Quadrat 
213. Description 
214. Methods of denudine and feesrding 
215. Physical factors . , 
Aquatic Quadrats 
216, Scope . 
Transects 
217. The transect 
The Line Transect 
218. Description and method 
219. The location and size.. 
The Belt Transect 
220. Details 
The Permanent T paneeee 
221. Advantages 
222, Details i 
The Denuded Transect 
223. . 
The as Transect 
224. F 
Ecotone Caass 
225. 
The Migration Circle 
226. Purpose 
227. Location and sretliod 4 
228. The denuded circle 
229. Photographs 
Cartography 
230. Value of cartographic methods . 
