I4 THE FOUNDATION OF ECOLOGY 
terms denoting abundance, which prevails in lists and manuals, should be 
replaced by the exact usage which the quadrat method has made possible 
for vegetation. The designation of habitats could be made much more 
exact, and the formation, as well as the habitat-form or ecad, and the vege- 
tation-form or phyad, should be indicated in addition. The general terms 
drawn from pollination, seed-production, and dissemination might also be 
included to advantage. 
20. Forestry, if the purely commercial aspects be disregarded, is the 
ecology of a particular kind of vegetation, the forest. Therefore, in point- 
ing out the connection between them, it is only necessary to say that what- 
ever contributes to the ecology of the forest is a contribution to forestry. 
There are, however, certain lines of inquiry which are of fundamental im- 
portance. First among these, and of primary interest from the practical 
point of view, are the questions pertaining to the distribution of forests and 
their structure. Of even greater significance are the problems of forest 
development, movement, and of reforestation, which are comprised in 
succession. The gradual invasion of the plains and prairies by the forest 
belt of the east and north is in full conformity with the laws of invasion, 
and the ecological methods to be employed here serve not merely to de- 
termine the actual conditions at present, but also to forecast them with a 
great deal of accuracy. The slow but certain development of forests on new 
soils, and their more rapid re-establishment where the woody vegetation has 
been destroyed by burning or lumbering, are ordinary phenomena of suc- 
cession, for which the ecologist has already worked out the laws, and de- 
termined the methods of investigation. Having once ascertained the original 
and adjacent vegetation and the character of the habitat, the ecologist can 
indicate with accuracy not only the character of the new forest that will 
appear, but also the nature of the antecedent formations. A full knowledge 
of the character and laws of succession will prove of the greatest value to 
the forester in all studies of forestation and reforestation. Forests which 
now seem entirely unrelated will be seen to possess the most intimate de- 
velopmental connection, and the fuller insight into the life-history gained in 
this way will have a direct bearing upon methods of conservation, etc. It 
will further show that the forester must know other vegetations as well, 
since grassland and thicket formations have an intimate influence upon the 
course of the succession, as well as upon the advance of a forest frontier. 
One of the greatest aids which modern ecology can furnish forestry, 
however, is the method of determining the physical nature of the habitat. 
So far, foresters have been obliged to content themselves with a more or 
less superficial study of the structure of forest formations, without being 
