168 THE FORMATION 
208. The chart used is a decimeter square, and the scale is consequently 
10:1. It is outlined on centimeter plotting paper, and the centimeter squares 
are numbered at the edges to correspond to the intervals of the quadrat, i. e., 
the top and bottom lines are numbered from left to right, and the side lines 
from top to bottom. These outlines are ruled in quantity and used as needed, 
or the forms can be furnished by the printer. In practice, a special quadrat 
book the size of the chart has been used. The need of a second book may be 
avoided by outlining two charts on the plotting sheet, and filing the latter in 
the field record book. In the few cases where 2-meter quadrats are desir- 
able, four charts are used, care being taken to label them so that they can be 
combined whenever necessary. Ten-meter quadrats are recorded on the deci- 
meter chart also, each meter interval corresponding to a centimeter, i. e., the 
scale is I00:1. . 
Fig. 51. Permanent chart quadrat, Andosacile, Carex-Campanula- 
coryphium. 
209. Mapping is invariably begun at the upper left-hand corner of the 
chart, and is carried across the strip marked off by the plotting tape, deci- 
meter by decimeter. As soon as this strip is completed, a second one is 
formed by moving the top tape to a position one decimeter below the plotting 
tape, which then becomes the upper one. This is repeated until the last strip 
is reached. Little difficulty is experienced in locating each plant exactly, as 
