CARTOGRAPHY 185 
points is greatly to be desired at the hands of all ecologists. Here, as in 
the case of the standard scale, uniformity will be found the more desirable 
the more impossible it is made by ignoring it. In the use of color to repre- 
sent regions and provinces, on maps too small to indicate formations, the 
color of each division is represented by the color of its dominant forma- 
tion; thus the prairie province is colored ochroleucus on account of the 
color used to represent prairie formations, the boreal-subalpine zone 
atrovirens on account of the typical coniferous forests, etc. No endeavor 
has been made to take account of the various types of formations, e. g., the 
different coniferous forests, as this is a problem to be worked out for more 
local maps in various shades of dark green, etc. The following color scheme 
which has been based upon the points made above is proposed as a satis- 
factory solution of the problem. The color standard used is that of 
Saccardo’s Chromotaxia. 
I. Hydrophytic Formations: blue 
i. Marine: cyaneus 
2. Brackish: ardesiacus 
3. Freshwater: caeruleus 
_4. Swamps and marshes: caesius 
II. Mesophytic Formations 
A. Forest formations: green 
1. Coniferous forests: atrovirens 
2. Broadleaved evergreen forests: viridis 
3. Deciduous forests: flavu-virens 
B. Grassland formations: yellow 
1. Meadows: mellens 
2. Prairies: ochroleucus 
C. Culture and waste formations: red 
1. Fields: ruber 
2. Groves and orchards: atropurpureus 
3. Wastes: purpureus 
III. Xercphytic Formations: brown 
1. Deserts: tsabellinus 
2. Plains and steppes: avellaneus 
3. Saline formations: umbrinus 
4. Arctic-alpine formations: testaceus 
233. Formation and vegetation maps are detailed maps of a single 
formation or a series of them, showing the formational limits, and when 
the scale is not too small, the ecotones of zones and consocies. In the cases 
