ANIMAL COMMUNITIES AND SOCIAL LIFE 153 
they are fed with pollen and honey. Finally, a small mass 
of food is put into the cell, and the cell is “capped” or 
covered with wax. The larva, after eating all the food, in 
two or three days more changes into.a pupa, which lies 
quiescent without eating for thirteen days, when it changes 
into a full-grown bee. The new bee breaks open the cap 
of the cell with its jaws, and comes out into the hive, ready 
to take up its share of the work for the community. Ina 
few cases, however, the life history is different.. The nurses 
will tear down several cells around some single one, and 
enlarge this inner one into a great irregular vase-shaped 
cell. When the egg hatches, the grub or larva is fed bee- 
jelly as long as it remains a larva, never being given ordi- 
nary pollen and honey ut all. This larva finally pupates, 
and there issues from the pupa not a worker or drone bee, 
but a new queen. The egg from which the queen is pro- 
duced is the same as the other eggs, but the worker nurses 
by feeding the larva only the highly nutritious bee-jelly 
make it certain that the new bee shall become a queen 
instead of a worker. It is also to be noted that the male 
bees or drones are hatched from eggs that are not ferti- 
lized, the queen having it in her power to lay either ferti- 
lized or unfertilized eggs. From the fertilized eggs hatch 
larve which develop into queens or workers, depending on 
the manner of their nourishment; from the unfertilized 
eggs hatch the males. 
When several queens appear there is much excitement 
in the community. Each community has normally a single 
one, so that when additional queens appear some rearrange- 
ment is necessary. This rearrangement comes about first 
by fighting among the queens until only one of the new 
queens is left alive. Then the old or mother queen issues 
from the hive or tree followed by many of the workers. 
She and her followers fly away together, finally alighting 
on some tree branch and massing there in a dense swarm. 
This ig the familiar phenomenon of “swarming.” The 
