ANIMAL COMMUNITIES AND SOCIAL LIFE 163 
The bumble-bees and social wasps show an intermediate 
condition between the simply gregarious or neighborly 
Fie. 98.—Nest of Vespa, a social Fie. 99.—Nest of Vespa opened to show 
wasp. From photograph. combs within. 
mining-bees and the highly developed, permanent honey- 
bee community. Naturalists believe that the highly or- 
ganized communal life of the honey-bees and the ants is 
a development from some simple condition like that of the 
bumble-bees and social wasps, which in its turn has grown 
out of a still simpler, mere gregarious assembly of the 
individuals of one species. It is not difficult to see how 
such a development could in the course of a long time take 
place. 
87%. Gregariousness and mutual aidi—The simplest form 
of social life is shown among those kinds of animals in 
which many individuals of one species keep together, form- 
ing a great band or herd. In this case there is not much 
division of labor, and the safety of the individual is not 
wholly bound up in the fate of the herd. Such animals are 
