220 ANIMAL LIFE 
mimicked by members of the other butterfly families (espe. 
cially the Pieride), to which family our common white 
cabbage-butterfly belongs, and by the swallow-tails (Papi- 
lionide). 
The bees and wasps are protected by their stings. They 
are usually conspicuous, being banded with yellow and black. 
They are mimicked by numerous other insects, especially 
moths and flies, two defenseless kinds of insects. This 
mimicking of bees and wasps by flies is very common, and 
can be observed readily at any flowering shrub. The flower- 
flies (Syrphide), which, with the bees, visit flowers, can be 
distinguished from the bees only by sharp observing. When 
these bees and flies can be caught and examined in hand, it 
will be found that the flies have but two wings while the 
bees have four. 
A remarkable and interesting case of mimicry among 
insects of different orders is that of certain South Ameri- 
can tree-hoppers (of the family Membracide, of the order 
Hemiptera), which mimic the famous leaf-cutting ant 
(Sauda) of the Amazons (Fig. 140). These ants have the 
curious habit of cutting off, with their sharp jaws, bits of 
green leaves and carry- 
ing them to their nests. 
In carrying the bits of 
leaves the ants hold them 
vertically above their 
heads. The leaf-hoppers 
= ee mimic the ants and their 
Kus. 140.—Tree-hopper (Membracide), which burdens with remarka- 
ree agsesang ane Gowtey ot Bele exactitude by having 
hopper.) the back of the body ele- 
vated in the form of a 
thin, jagged-edged ridge no thicker than a leaf. This part 
of the body is green like the leaves, while the under part 
of the body and the legs ure brown like the ants. 
Some examples of mimicry among other animals than 
