INSTINCT AND REASON 255 
were forced to do the fur-seal docs to perfection. Its in- 
stincts are perfect as clockwork, and the necessities of 
migration must keep them so. But if brought into new 
conditions it is dazed and stupid. It can not choose when 
different lines of action are presented. 
The Berirg Sea Commission once made an experiment 
on the possibility of separating the young male fur-seals, 
or “ killables,” from the old ones in the same band. The 
method was to drive them through a wooden chute or run- 
way with two valve-like doors at the end. These animals can 
be driven like sheep, but to sort them in the way proposed 
proved impossible. The most experienced males would 
beat their noses against a closed door, if they had seen a 
seal before them pass through it. That this door had been 
shut and another opened beside it passed their comprehen- 
sion. They could not choose the new direction. In like 
manner a male fur-seal will watch the killing and skinning 
of his mates with perfect composure. He will sniff at their 
blood with languid curiosity ; so long as it is not his own 
it does not matter. That his own blood may flow out on 
the ground in a minute or two he can not foresee. 
Reason arises from the necessity for a choice among ac- 
tions. It may arise as a clash among instincts which forces 
on the animal the necessity of choosing. A doe, for ex- 
ample, in a rich pasture has the instinct to feed. It hears 
the hounds and has the instinct to flee. Its fawn may be 
with her and it is her instinct to remain and protect it. 
This may be done in one of several ways. In proportion as 
the mother chooses wisely will be the fawn’s chance of sur- 
vival. Thus under difficult conditions, reason or choice 
among actions rises to the aid of the lower animals as well 
as man. 
141. Mind—The word mind is popularly used in two 
different senses. In the biological sense the mind is the 
collective name for the functions of the sensorium in‘ men 
and animals. It is the sum totai of all psychic changes, 
