OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 3 



breed, covered with hair instead of wool ; and by the further remark of Marco Polo 192, that the 

 head is always black and the body white ; a peculiarity I found true to the present day. In Switzer- 

 land, during the Stone Age, sheep were in some instances kept by the inhabitants ; as appears from 

 debris of the earliest villages (Herr, in Troyon). Eastward, the sheep is mentioned in the Sama 

 Veda (Stevenson), and the Institutes of Menu (Braminical version) ; the head forms part of an 

 imaginary animal in the Budhist cave-temples at Adjunta ; and I remarked ram-headed personages 

 in the Braminical cave-temples at Ellora. By European colonists, the sheep has been successfully 

 introduced into America, the Hawaiian Islands, and Australia. 



Abel slain by his brother Cain. Who departed to the land of "nwth" refuge, "east of Eden'' ; — 

 and building a stronghold "oyr," named it after "his son Enoch" (Gesen., and Greenf.). 



Third generation. Jan. 1st, 4200, among living men : Enoch son of Cain. 



Fourth generation. May 1st, 4167, among living men : Irad son of Enoch. 



4141 B. C. (= 4036 -\- " 105 years " of Gen. v. 6), Seth. 



Fifth generation. Sept. 1st, 4134, among living men : Mehujael son of Irad. 



Sixth generation. Jan. 1st, 4100, among living men : Methusael son of Mehujael. 



Seventh generation. May 1st, 4067, among living men : Lamech son of Methusael and the sec- 

 ond homicide on record, Adah and Zillah the two wives of Lamech. 



4036 B. C. (= 3946 -|- " 90 years " of Gen. v. 9), Enos. " Then it was begun to call on name of 

 Jehovah" — (Gen. iv. 26); essentially the invocation continuing among the Arabs to the present day. 



Eighth generation. Sept. 1st, 4034, among the living: Naamah daughter of Zillah. 



Instruments of music invented by Jubal son of Adah (Gen. iv. 21). 



The "knwr" or harp invented by Jubal — is admitted to be some form of that instrument. Har- 

 pers are figured in Egypt under the Fourth dynasty ; and under the Twelfth, a different form of harp 

 is carried by the foreigners at Benihassan. The "knwr" is again mentioned in Gen. xxxi. 27 ; was 

 improved by David, Am. vi. 5, 1 Sam. xvi. 23 to xix. 9 ; was in use under Solomon and Jehoshaphat, 

 2 Sam. vi. 5, 2 Chron. xx. 27 ; and down to the captivity, Psalm cxxxvii. 2 ; and in some of these pas- 

 sages, is translated " kinura" in the Septuagint. The instrument figured on coins ascribed to Simon 

 Maccabasus (Kitt. cycl. bibl. ii. p. 371 and 373), is probably the "knwr" of the Jews. 



The " owgb " or organ invented by Jubal — is referred by Gesenius and others to the mouth- 

 organ or syrinx, also called " Pandean pipe." The "surigx," according to Horapollo ii. 109, forms a 

 hieroglyphic character ; and a character not unlike the instrument occurs on the monuments from the 

 time of at least the Twenty-sixth dynasty. The " owgb " is again mentioned in Psalm cl. 4, Job xxi. 

 12, xxx. 31 ; and the "surigx" is regarded as of remote antiquity by Pindar xii., Aristotle poet. 1, 

 Virgil eel. ii., and Athenasus iv. 1S2. To the present day, the Pandean pipe is in use in Egypt and 

 Syria (Kitt. cycl. bibl.) ; and was seen by myself as far East as the Feejee Islands. 



Tubal-cain son of Zillah is named in Gen. iv. 22 as the first worker of metals, "an instructer of 

 every artificer in brass and iron." — Traditionary reminiscences of Tubal-cain appear to have reached 

 the time of the Romans ; etymology identifying him with the Latin " Vulcanus.". 



The "nhshd" is admitted to be copper, and may have been procured at Wadi Maghara in the 

 Sinai peninsula; if so, here will be the commencement of Monumental history: — metals were 

 known to the Egyptians as early at least as the Second king of the Third dynasty (Maneth.), and 

 may have been procured from this very mine ; containing at least the hieroglyphic oval of a successor 

 in the same dynasty. 



Commencement of Bedouin or nomadic life in the Desert, by another son of Adah, Jabal by 

 name — and " the father of such as dwell in tents and (of such as have) cattle " (Gen. iv. 20). Con- 

 firmation is again found at Wadi Maghara, in the native figured under the Third dynasty, clearly 

 belonging to the White Race, and in features, beard and costume well representing the Arabs inhabit- 

 ing the Sinai peninsula to the present day. 



Ninth generation. Jan. 1st, 4000, among living men. 



II. COLONIZATION OF EGYPT. 



In comparison with lands clothed with vegetation, Egypt presents a most uninviting aspect : an 

 upland waste of bare light-coloured soil, even where exposed to the sea air of the Mediterranean ; 

 and on advancing inland, seeming interminable and destitute of vegetation. 



The Desert is known to be intersected by a deeply-sunk narrow trench containing the river with 

 its borders rendered level by the overflow, and thus far covered with grasses and other herbaceous 

 and humble plants ; a thread of green across a vast expanse from South to North, widening only on 

 reaching the many channels of the outlet. There are naturally no trees ; or at least, the willow 

 (Salix subserrata) at the river-brink is very rare, and seems properly to belong to Nubia. 



