OF ACCOMPANYING ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 13 



thiathema " or " eliou stgphanos " or " i£ros kaulos " of the prophets, and " athenorSs " of Pythagoras ; 

 is mentioned also by Theophrastus ; by Antiphanes, as esculent "alima trtgontgs " (Athen.) ; by 

 Dioscorides, as cooked and eaten, growing along the seashore and suitable besides for hedges ; by 

 Pliny xxii. 33, as an "olus maritimum"; A. halimus is known to grow in Siberia (Pers.) ; its tops 

 were found by Belon, and Tournefort trav. p. 43, eaten in Greece ; is termed by Tournefort inst. 505 

 "a. latifolia sive halimus fruticosus" ; was observed by Sibthorp, Chaubard, and Fraas, on the sea- 

 shore from Cyprus and the Greek islands to the Peloponnesus ; is known to grow on the seashore of 

 Barbary, Spain, Portugal, and even as far as England (Pers.). By European colonists, was carried 

 to Austral Africa, and to Chili (Moquin, and A. Dec.) ; to Australia, observed by R. Brown ; to the 

 Hawaiian Islands, through the salt manufacture, as observed by myself. 



Eleventh generation. Sept. 1st, 3934, among living men : 



Twelfth generation. Jan. 1st, 3900, among living men : 



The same year (= 3902 in calendar years = 2498 + " 203 + 448 + 198 + 297 -(-26+18 + 26 

 + 20 + 42 + 39 + 27 + 60" of the Euseb.-Maneth. table, the Afr.-Maneth. table giving 2857 + 

 " 2 74 + 2'4 + 3 02 + -S3 " = 39 00 )' a date seemingly indicated by Manetho's numbers. 



papyrus antiquarian of Abyssinia. The Egyptians according to their own account originally 

 subsisted on the paper-rush (Horap. i. 30), and the plant may have been known to the first colo- 

 nists, its seeds floating down the Nile, —but its final disappearance from Egypt indicates an exotic 

 maintained through cultivation : P. antiquorum was in Egypt before the invention of writing, the 

 paper made from it constituting a hieroglyphic character ; was observed by myself figured in standing 

 crops under the Fourth dynasty and on subsequent monuments ; continued in the days of Pliny xiii. 

 2i to be eaten by the Egyptians, but whether crude or boiled only the juice swallowed ; was last seen 

 in Egypt in 1S00, by Delile near Damietta (not met with by Forskal) ; is not mentioned by Clot-Bey, 

 and at the time of my own visit was regarded as extinct. Farther South, the "papuron " was found 

 by Artemidorus on the margin of lakes in the Somali country (Strab. xvi. 4. 14) ; and specimens 

 of P. antiquorum were procured by Bruce from lakes Tzana and Gooderoo in Abyssinia (Greville). 

 Northward from Egypt, the plant in the days of Pliny grew along the Euphrates, also around a lake 

 in Syria (the same perhaps where it continues to the present day), but in these localities as in Sicily 

 and Southern Italy its presence is doubtless due to the hand of man. 



In the absence of plants suitable for cultivation, Agriculture could not have originated on the 

 banks of the Nile ; but the first colonists may have brought knowledge of the art, and may even for 

 a time have confined their attention to the above-mentioned Papyrus. 



3876 B. C. (=3811 + "65 years" of Gen. v. 15), Mahalaleel. 



It is worthy of remark, that most of the objects of early cultivation in Egypt are Northern plants, 

 from Palestine and the countries beyond ; and as the dryer and main portion of the river-flat became 

 occupied and irrigated, game became scarce and some of the larger kinds disappeared. 



With the introduction of Agriculture came weeds, the climate eminently favouring the naturali- 

 zation of exotics ; reminding me in fact of our Northern greenhouses, where Subarctic and Equa- 

 torial plants are often subjected to the same amount of heat and moisture, and yet are found 

 flourishing side by side — At the present day, the soil having been upturned for ages, the sponta- 

 neous growth on the river-flat consists largely of imported weeds. 



Thirteenth generation. May 1st, 3867, among living men : 



Of the condition of mankind at this period we have some positive knowledge ; the hieroglyphic 

 characters including implements that had been long in use, implying often customs and associations 

 by no means novel when the objects were selected for representation. The state of society seems in 

 many respects not unlike Bedouin life, but the men were by no means inferior in intelligence nor less 

 ambitious in their aims — than our leading spirits of the present clay. 



Names were given to birds and beasts before man had occasion to commune with his fellows, 

 and the whole account in Genesis of his earlier history seems to imply the possession of language. 

 Man's " natural language " of gestures, utterances, and exclamations is more expressive than words ; 

 but perhaps something may be learned from the hieroglyphic characters, the mouth -=d> repre- 

 senting the articulation " r," that (according to Plato) means rushing on : now we can conceive of 

 a torrent of expletives, like the scolding of birds and certain quadrupeds, vet it seems more probable 

 that the intellectual torrent proceeding out of the mouth consisted of regularly-formed words. 



Fourteenth generation. Sept. 1st, 3S34, among living men : 



However it may have been with language, writing was certainly invented in Egypt. This 

 appears from the hieroglyphic forms of objects peculiar to Egypt, also historically, the Greeks 

 having preserved the name of the inventor of writing Th6t. His name is besides found engrafted 

 in the Egyptian language in the word "th6t," having the same meaning — and pronounced like our 

 English " thought " ; may also have been the origin of the Greek " thokSin." 



The original words of the Coptic or Egyptian language are not arbitrarily nor accidentally 



